Chapter 4: Basic Concepts of Neural Integration

Question 1

Neurons function as a group and each group contributes to broader neural functions. The organization of the nervous system is hierarchical. This is called:

Answer 1

Neural Integration

Question 2

The millions of neurons in the CNS organized, process and integrated incoming information received from other sources and transmit the processed information to other destinations. This called:

Answer 2

Neuronal Pools

Question 3

Two example of a neural pool:

Answer 3

The discharge Zone

The facilitated Zone

Question 4

____________ - Neurons most likely to generate impulses because they are closely associated with the incoming fibre.

Answer 4

The discharge Zone

Question 5

____________ - Neurons not in the discharge zone are usually not excited enough to reach threshold but can be brought to threshold if stimulated by another source.

Answer 5

The facilitated Zone

Question 6

Pattern of synaptic connections in neuronal pools are called ________ and determine the functional capabilities of each type of pool.

Answer 6

circuits

Question 7

Four basic types of circuits:

Answer 7

1. Diverging
2. Converging
3. Reverberating
4. Parallel after discharge

Question 8

These circuits can occur along a single pathway or along several pathways. You find these circuits in both sensory and motor systems.

Answer 8

Diverging

Question 9

__________ - They are opposite to diverging circuits and are common in both sensory and motor pathways. The pool receives inputs from several presynaptic neurons and the circuit as a whole has a funnelling or concentrating effect.

Answer 9

Converging

Question 10

______________- Incoming signal travels through a chain of neurons, each makes collateral synapse with neurons in the previous part of the pathway.

Answer 10

Reverberating (oscillating)

Question 11

Often called amplifying circuits , because one incoming fibre triggers responses in ever increasing numbers of neurons, farther and farther along the circuit.

Answer 11

Diverging

Question 12

Example of rhythmic activities may be involved in control of Reverberating circuits.

Answer 12

sleep-wake cycles

breathing

Question 13

_____________ - Incoming fibre stimulates several neurons arranged in parallel arrays, that eventually stimulate a common output cell.

Answer 13

Parallel after-discharge circuits

Question 14

Impulses reach the output cell at different times, creating a burst of impulses called an __________ , that lasts 15 m/s or more, after initial input has ended.

Answer 14

after discharge

Question 15

True or False:

In Converging circuit there is no positive feedback and once all the neurons have fired, circuit activity ends.

Answer 15

False

Correct:

In Parallel after-discharge circuits there is no positive feedback and once all the neurons have fired, circuit activity ends.

Question 16

Type of circuits that are involved in complex types of mental processing like performing problem solving.

Answer 16

Parallel after-discharge circuits

Question 17

_______________ - Processing of inputs, in the various circuits is both serial and parallel

Answer 17

Patterns of Processing

Question 18

___________ - The input travels along a single pathway to a specific destination. One neuron stimulates the next in the sequence which stimulates the next, etc. and eventually causing a predictable response.

Answer 18

Serial Processing

Question 19

Reflexes that occur over neural pathways are called:

Answer 19

reflex arcs

Question 20

What are the five components of reflex?

Answer 20

a. Receptor
b. Sensory neuron
c. CNS integration
d. Motor neuron
e. Effect

Question 21

____________ - The input travels along several different pathways to be integrated in different CNS regions. Inputs are segregated into many different pathways; information delivered by each pathway is detected by different parts of neural circuitry, at the same time.

Answer 21

Parallel Processing