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life science > Chapter 8- modern genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 8- modern genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Most traits are a result of

A

Complex patterns of inheritance

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2
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

One allele is only partially dominant (mixing of traits - ex. snapdragons)

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3
Q

Codominant alleles

A

Both alleles show equally (ex. speckled chicken)

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4
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Three or more possible alleles determine a trait

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5
Q

An organism can only inherit _______ alleles for a gene (one from each parent)

A

Two

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6
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Occurs when more than one gene affects a trait (ex. human skin and height)

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7
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

  • first 22 are called autosomes
  • 23rd is sex chromosome
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8
Q

Sex chromosomes (male vs. female)

A

Female: XX
Male: XY

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9
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Traits controlled by genes on sex chromosomes (ex. colorblindness)

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10
Q

The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene form a ______________ that specifies what type of protein will be produced

A

Genetic code

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11
Q

Proteins are what

A

Long chain molecules made of amino acids

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12
Q

What is a group of three bases called

A

A codon

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13
Q

What does a codon code for

A

One specific amino acid

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14
Q

How many amino acids are there in the human body

A

20

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15
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Amino acids link to form proteins

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16
Q

Where does protein synthesis begin

A

Inside the nucleus

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17
Q

Where does assembly of proteins occur

A

Outside the nucleus on ribosomes

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18
Q

In what ways is RNA different form DNA

A
  • RNA contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
  • RNA does not have thymine instead it has uracil
  • RNA is single-stranded
19
Q

mRNA

A

carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm (this is called transcription)

20
Q

tRNA

A

Translates these instructions into amino acids and carries them to the ribosomes during protein synthesis (this is called translation)

21
Q

Mutations

A

Any change in a gene or chromosome (can be inherited or acquired during life)

22
Q

Inherited mutations

A
  • parent passes on mutation during reproduction
  • present in every cell of the body
  • present through the life of an organism
23
Q

Acquired mutations

A
  • occur during an organism’s life

- can only be passed to offspring if mutation occurs in sex cells

24
Q

What can one small change to a base pair cause

A

An incorrect protein to be made during protein synthesis

25
Q

Deletion

A

One base pair is removed

26
Q

Addition

A

One base pair is added

27
Q

Substitution

A

One base pair is switched for another

28
Q

Sex-linked mutations

A
  • occur on sex genes
  • mostly occur on the X chromosome
  • recessive
  • (ex. Hemophilia)
29
Q

Genetic disorder

A

Disease caused in whole of in part by a change in the DNA sequence

30
Q

Causes of genetic disorders

A
  • mutation in one gene
  • mutation in multiple genes
  • combo of gene mutations and environmental factors
  • damage to the chromosome
31
Q

Pedigree

A

Diagram or family tree of genetic inheritance used to map genetic traits

32
Q

Karyotype

A

Photograph of a person’s chromosomes arranged in pairs

33
Q

What can a karyotype help map

A

Right or wrong amount of chromosomes

34
Q

Selective breeding

A

Occurs when humans breed only organisms with desired traits to produce the next generation

35
Q

In-breeding

A

Involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics

36
Q

Hybridization

A

Breeder cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of having offspring with the best traits

37
Q

Genetic engineering

A

When geneticists transfer genes from one set of DNA to another

38
Q

How is genetic engineering used

A

Used to give organisms genes they could not acquire through breeding

39
Q

Clone

A

An organism that has the same genes as the organism from which it was produced

40
Q

Gene therapy

A

A process that involves changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder

41
Q

CRISPER

A

a gene-editing tool that can help people with sickle cell disease

42
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genetic info. that an organism carries in its DNA

43
Q

Human Genome Project

A

goal is to identify the DNA sequence of the entire human genome

life science (4 decks)

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