Chapter 8- modern genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Most traits are a result of

A

Complex patterns of inheritance

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2
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

One allele is only partially dominant (mixing of traits - ex. snapdragons)

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3
Q

Codominant alleles

A

Both alleles show equally (ex. speckled chicken)

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4
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Three or more possible alleles determine a trait

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5
Q

An organism can only inherit _______ alleles for a gene (one from each parent)

A

Two

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6
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Occurs when more than one gene affects a trait (ex. human skin and height)

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7
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

  • first 22 are called autosomes
  • 23rd is sex chromosome
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8
Q

Sex chromosomes (male vs. female)

A

Female: XX
Male: XY

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9
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Traits controlled by genes on sex chromosomes (ex. colorblindness)

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10
Q

The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene form a ______________ that specifies what type of protein will be produced

A

Genetic code

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11
Q

Proteins are what

A

Long chain molecules made of amino acids

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12
Q

What is a group of three bases called

A

A codon

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13
Q

What does a codon code for

A

One specific amino acid

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14
Q

How many amino acids are there in the human body

A

20

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15
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Amino acids link to form proteins

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16
Q

Where does protein synthesis begin

A

Inside the nucleus

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17
Q

Where does assembly of proteins occur

A

Outside the nucleus on ribosomes

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18
Q

In what ways is RNA different form DNA

A
  • RNA contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
  • RNA does not have thymine instead it has uracil
  • RNA is single-stranded
19
Q

mRNA

A

carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm (this is called transcription)

20
Q

tRNA

A

Translates these instructions into amino acids and carries them to the ribosomes during protein synthesis (this is called translation)

21
Q

Mutations

A

Any change in a gene or chromosome (can be inherited or acquired during life)

22
Q

Inherited mutations

A
  • parent passes on mutation during reproduction
  • present in every cell of the body
  • present through the life of an organism
23
Q

Acquired mutations

A
  • occur during an organism’s life

- can only be passed to offspring if mutation occurs in sex cells

24
Q

What can one small change to a base pair cause

A

An incorrect protein to be made during protein synthesis

25
Deletion
One base pair is removed
26
Addition
One base pair is added
27
Substitution
One base pair is switched for another
28
Sex-linked mutations
- occur on sex genes - mostly occur on the X chromosome - recessive - (ex. Hemophilia)
29
Genetic disorder
Disease caused in whole of in part by a change in the DNA sequence
30
Causes of genetic disorders
- mutation in one gene - mutation in multiple genes - combo of gene mutations and environmental factors - damage to the chromosome
31
Pedigree
Diagram or family tree of genetic inheritance used to map genetic traits
32
Karyotype
Photograph of a person’s chromosomes arranged in pairs
33
What can a karyotype help map
Right or wrong amount of chromosomes
34
Selective breeding
Occurs when humans breed only organisms with desired traits to produce the next generation
35
In-breeding
Involves crossing two individuals that have similar characteristics
36
Hybridization
Breeder cross two genetically different individuals in hopes of having offspring with the best traits
37
Genetic engineering
When geneticists transfer genes from one set of DNA to another
38
How is genetic engineering used
Used to give organisms genes they could not acquire through breeding
39
Clone
An organism that has the same genes as the organism from which it was produced
40
Gene therapy
A process that involves changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder
41
CRISPER
a gene-editing tool that can help people with sickle cell disease
42
Genome
Complete set of genetic info. that an organism carries in its DNA
43
Human Genome Project
goal is to identify the DNA sequence of the entire human genome