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life science > Chapter 7- genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 7- genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is genetics?

A

The scientific study of heredity

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2
Q

What is heredity?

A

The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring (these characteristics are called traits)

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3
Q

What traits did Mendel study?

A

Height, seed color, and flower color

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4
Q

What type of plant did Mendel use to study heredity?

A

True breeding pea plants

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5
Q

What does the pistil produce?

A

Female sex cells (or eggs)

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6
Q

What does the stamen produce?

A

Pollen which contains male sex cells (or sperm)

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7
Q

When does a new organism begin to form?

A

When egg and sperm cells join in the process of fertilization

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8
Q

What needs to happen in order for fertilization to occur?

A

Pollen must reach the pistil of a pea flower (this is called pollination)

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9
Q

What is self pollination?

A

Pollen from a flower lands on the pistil of the same flower

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10
Q

If a true breeding plant has purple flowers then what will it produce?

A

It will only produce plants with purple flowers

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11
Q

If a true breeding plant (purple) was allowed to self pollinate then what would happen?

A

They would only produce offspring identical to themselves

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12
Q

How many traits of pea plants did Mendel study?

A

7

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13
Q

How many traits at a time did Mendel study?

A

1

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14
Q

How did Mendel see how height was passed from parent to offspring?

A

He took pollen from a true breeding tall pea plant and cross pollinated a true breeding short pea plant?

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15
Q

What did Mendel notice after seeing how heights was passed from parent to offspring?

A

He noticed that a trait from the parent pea plant did not always show up in the offspring (1st generation)

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16
Q

What method did Mendel use to better control his experiments?

A

Cross pollination

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17
Q

What part of the flower contains pollen?

A

Anthers

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18
Q

Why did Mendel remove the anthers in his experiments?

A

So that the flower could not self pollinate

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19
Q

What happened when Mendel crossed true breeding (purple-flowered) plants with true breeding (white-flowered) plants?

A

The 1st generation produced all purple flowered plants (homozygous dominant and recessive cross)

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20
Q

What happened when the purple flowered plants of the offspring self pollinated ?

A

White flowers reappeared (heterozygous cross)

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21
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait

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22
Q

What did Mendel conclude?

A
  • sets of genetic info. must control the inheritance of traits in peas
  • the factors that control each trait exists in pairs
  • the female and male parent both contribute one factor
  • one factor in a pair can mask, or hide, the other factor
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23
Q

What are the factors that determine traits called?

A

Genes

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24
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of genes

25
Q

What are an organisms’ traits controlled by?

A

The alleles it inherits from its parents

26
Q

What are the two options for an allele?

A

Dominant, recessive

27
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele whose trait always shows when the allele is present

28
Q

Recessive allele

A

Hidden whenever the dominant allele is present (can only show with two recessive alleles)

29
Q

What do geneticists use to represent alleles?

A

Letters (dominant= capital, recessive= lowercase)

30
Q

Law of segregation

A
  • every organism has two alleles of each gene

- when gametes are produced the alleles separate

31
Q

Phenotype

A

The way an organism looks and behaves (you can physically see it)

32
Q

Genotype

A

The allele combination of an organism

33
Q

Law of Independent Asoortment

A

-genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other

34
Q

Probability

A

A number that describes how likely something is to happen

35
Q

What law describes what is likely to occur (not what will occur)?

A

Law of probability

36
Q

Punnett square

A

Chart that shows all the possible ways an allele can combine in a genetic cross

37
Q

What is the combination of alleles that parents can pass on to an offspring based on?

A

Probability

38
Q

Monohybrid

A

Cross of one trait

39
Q

How many chromosome do sex cells have?

A

Half as many chromosomes as the body cells have

40
Q

Diploid

A

A complete set of chromosomes

41
Q

Haploid

A

A half set of chromosomes

42
Q

Meiosis

A

Process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half as sex cells form

43
Q

Result of meiosis

A

4 genetically different haploid cells

44
Q

Where does meiosis occur in?

A

A diploid cell

45
Q

How many cell divisions does meiosis go through?

A

2

46
Q

How many interphases are there in meiosis?

A

1

47
Q

Interphase

A

Chromosomes double and thicken

48
Q

Prophase 1

A

Nuclear membrane disappears (spindle fibers attach)

49
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs line up in the middle

50
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs separate (not the chromosomes)

51
Q

Telophase 1/ cytokinesis 1

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms

- cell splits

52
Q

Prophase 2

A

Nuclear membrane disappears (spindle fibers attach)

53
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up at center

54
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Chromosomes split

55
Q

Telophase 2/ cytokinesis 2

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms

- cells split

56
Q

Why are the 4 cells genetically different?

A

Cross-over and recombination

57
Q

What happens in crossover?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up (tangle)

58
Q

What happens in recombination?

A

Parts of the chromosomes switch (trading sections of DNA)

life science (4 decks)

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