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life science > Chapter 10- microbial world > Flashcards

Chapter 10- microbial world Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogen

A

A foreign invader that causes a disease

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2
Q

Virus

A
  • smallest infectious agent
  • considered biologically inert
  • can’t be seen with light microscopes
  • not all viruses affect humans
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3
Q

Biologically inert

A

Somewhere between simple biomolecules (proteins or DNA) and living organisms (bacteria)

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4
Q

Viruses do not meet the basic criteria scientists use to characterize life

A
  1. They do not perform metabolism
  2. They have no capacity for reproduction (by itself)
  3. Do not respond to stimuli
  4. No cellular composition (acellular)
  5. No complex growth
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5
Q

Acellular

A

No cellular composition

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Membrane- bound nucleus

has organelles

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7
Q

Prokaryote cells

A

No membrane- bound nucleus
No organelles
Unicellular

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8
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Structure: rod and icosahedral (solid with 20 faces) mix

Only infect bacteria

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9
Q

Capsid

A

Protein she’ll that encloses the genetic material

- made up of smaller pieces called capsomeres

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10
Q

How do viruses replicate

A

By attaching to a host cell

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11
Q

Step 1: recognition

A

Viruses must be recognized by a cell to enter that cell
- usually contains specificity for one small group/ type of species

Envelope protein/spike protein needs to be recognized by the host cell’s receptors

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12
Q

Step 2: injection

A

The virus injects it’s genetic material or is brought into the cell (completely intact through endocytosis)

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13
Q

Step 3: transcription and translation

A
  • The virus disassembles

- viral DNA is transcribed and translated by the host cell

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14
Q

Step 4: reassembly

A

Capsid protein re-assembles and releases new viral particles when there are many copies of viral DNA
- sometimes this destroys the cells

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15
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Host cell is terminated (lyses) at the end or replication cycle
- happens once many viruses have been generated

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16
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Rather than hijacking the cell, the virus inserts its viral DNA into the host’s genome creating a prophage

  • cell continues to replicate, where the DNA remains silent
  • host cell is not destroyed
  • an environmental factor causes a switch into the lyric cycle causing the infected cell to lyse
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17
Q

Receptors

A

Allow virus to enter and exit without damaging the cell

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18
Q

Antibiotic

A

Inhibits then growth of or destroys bacteria

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19
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci (ball)
Bacilli (rod-shaped)
Spirilla (spiral-shaped)

20
Q

Shapes/2

A

Strepto: chain
Diplo: two
Staphylo: bunched together

21
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Exchanging genetic material

22
Q

Conjugation

A

Plasmids are transmitted through pili

23
Q

Binary fission

A

Produces two identical daughter cells
-begins at origin of replication

Cell elongates
-once there are two copies cell pinches in the middle

24
Q

Bioremediation

A

Use of fungi to decompose pollutants in the soil

25
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungi

26
Q

Morphology

A

Study of the forms of things

27
Q

Hyphae

A

Filamentous network that supports the fungus

28
Q

Mycelium

A

Collective network

-allows for nutrients, growth, and production

29
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Symbiotic relationship between the mycelium and roots

-allows for growth and life

30
Q

Parasitic fungi

A

Infect and kill insects

31
Q

Saprobic fungi

A

Have their mycelium relationship with dead organic matter

32
Q

Cap

A

Reproductive function of a fungus

33
Q

Gills

A

Site of spore production

34
Q

Hymenium

A

Tissue layer of spore production

35
Q

Stalk (stipe)

A

Stem-like feature that supports the cap

36
Q

Annulus or partial veil

A

Ring of tissue below the cap

- covers hymenium throughout development and detached once hymenium matures

37
Q

Asexual reproduction (fungus)

A

Cap produces spore that are carried by wind or water to new places

38
Q

Sexual reproduction (fungus)

A

Hyphae from 2 colonies grow close together and share genetic info.

39
Q

Protist

A

Eukaryotic organism that can’t be classified as animals, plants, or fungi

40
Q

Animal-like protists

A 
Food: heterotrophs
Features: unicellular
Movement: free-swimming
Reproduction: asexual and sexual 
Common name: protozoans
41
Q

Zooflagellates (animal-like)

A

Swim with flagella

42
Q

Ciliates (animal-like)

A

Move using cilia and feed using cilia

43
Q

Plant-like protist

A 
Food: autotrophs
Features: unicellular and multicellular 
Movement: free-swimming or attached
Reproduction: asexual and sexual
Common name: algae (unicellular) and seaweed (multicellular)
44
Q

Diatoms (plant-like)

A

Produce thin, delicate cell walls rich in silicon (Si- main component of glass)

45
Q

Fungus-like protists

A

Food: heterotrophs (absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter)
Features: unicellular, but often live in colonies
-fungus-like protists have centrioles but lack cell walls made of chitin
Movement: move during some parts of their life cycle
Reproduction: asexual

46
Q

Slime molds (fungus-like)

A

Play key role in recycling organic matter

-use spores to reproduce

life science (4 decks)

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