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life science > Chapter 6- cells > Flashcards

Chapter 6- cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light —-> C6H12O2 + 6 O2

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2
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight (make it into chemical energy) and uses it to make food

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3
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism which makes their own food

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4
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism which relies on other organisms to get food

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5
Q

Stage 1 (photosynthesis)

A

Chloroplasts in plant cells capture energy from the sun using photosynthesis pigment called chlorophyll (this energy is used to power stage 2)

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6
Q

Stage 2 (photosynthesis)

A

CO2 (which enters through the stomata) and H2O ( which enters through roots) undergo a chemical reaction in chloroplasts to produce sugars (Oxygen leaves through the stomata)

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7
Q

What are the reactants of the photosynthesis equation?

A

6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) and 6 H2O (water)

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8
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —-> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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9
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Process by which cells obtain energy from glucose by breaking down simple food molecules (such as sugar), and releasing the stored energy

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10
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —-> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP (energy)

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11
Q

Stage 1 (cellular respiration)

A

In the cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into smaller molecules; oxygen is not involved (anaerobic) and only a small amount of energy is released

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12
Q

Stage 2 (cellular respiration)

A

Takes place in the mitochondria where molecules are broken down even further by chemical reactions - requires oxygen (aerobic) and a great deal of energy is also released (carbon dioxide and and water are also released)

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13
Q

Fermentation

A

Provides energy for cells without using oxygen

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14
Q

List 2 types of fermentation

A
  • alcoholic fermentation (used in baking)

- lactic acid fermentation (felt in muscles after extreme exertion)

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15
Q

Is photosynthesis used by an autotroph or heterotroph?

A

Autotroph

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16
Q

Is cellular respiration used by and autotroph or heterotroph?

A

Both

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17
Q

What is an advantage of using photosynthesis?

A

Doesn’t rely on other organisms for food

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18
Q

What is a disadvantage of photosynthesis?

A

No sun = no food

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19
Q

What is an advantage of cellular respiration?

A

Option to obtain energy without oxygen

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20
Q

What is a disadvantage of cellular respiration?

A

The organism has to eat regularly

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21
Q

The cell cycle

A

Regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo which is divided into 3 main stages

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22
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis

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23
Q

What is the biggest stage of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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24
Q

What are the functions of cell division?

A
  • growth
  • repair damaged structures
  • reproduction
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25
Q

Interphase

A

This is the period before cell division in which the cell grows, makes an identical copy of it’s DNA, and prepares for mitosis

26
Q

Mitosis

A

Stage in which the cell’s nucleus divides into 2 new nuclei and one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the 2 daughter cells

27
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

28
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A
  • nuclear envelope dissolves
  • chromatin become chromosomes (made of 2 sister chromatids)
  • mitotic spindles form
29
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes are pulled to the middle of the cell (align in the middle)
30
Q

What attaches the two sister chromatids?

A

Centromere

31
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles
  • spindles begin to shorten
  • cell stretches
32
Q

What occurs in telophase?

A
  • when the sister chromatids reach the poles they detach from the spindle fibers
  • sister chromatids then become chromatin
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • cell starts to split
33
Q

Cytokinesis

A

This process is different depending on the type of cell-
Plant cell: cell plate forms down the middle splitting the cell in half (this process occurs because the cell wall, which is rigid, cannot pinch)
Animal cell: the cell membrane pinches around the cytoplasm, forming a cleavage furrow, splitting the cell in half (this process starts in telophase)

34
Q

What is the longest phase of mitosis?

A

Prophase

35
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

36
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix (looks like a twisted ladder)

37
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin discovered it, but it was first published by by James Watson and Francis Crick

38
Q

In what year was the structure of DNA published?

A

1953

39
Q

What is the role of DNA in your body?

A

To direct functions

40
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

The genetic information for a cell to make proteins and is carried from one generation to the next

41
Q

What do proteins determine?

A

A variety of traits, from hair color to an organism’s ability to digest food

42
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Units called nucleotides

43
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A
  • 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose
  • a phosphate group (which make up the sides of the ladder)
  • a nitrogen base (which makes up the rungs of the ladder)
44
Q

What are the sides of the double helix made up of?

A

Made up of sugar molecules called deoxyribose, alternating with phosphate molecules

45
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases?

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • thymine
  • cytosine
46
Q

Nitrogen bases can only pair with certain nitrogen bases, so which pairs with which?

A
  • cytosine only pairs with guanine

- thymine only pairs with adenine

47
Q

Gene

A

A Gene is a section of DNA that contains the information to code for one specific protein (made up of a series of bases in a row)

48
Q

How many chromosomes can a single gene contain?

A

Anywhere from several hundred to a million or more bases

49
Q

DNA replication

A

Is the process in which an identical copy of DNA strand is formed for a new cell

50
Q

Why is DNA replication important?

A

Very important since daughter cells need a complete set of DNA to survive

51
Q

First step of DNA replication

A

Two sides of DNA molecule unwind and separate (like a zipper unzipping) between the nitrogen bases

52
Q

Second step of DNA replication

A

Nitrogen bases in the nucleus pair up with the bases on each half of the DNA

53
Q

What is a control system?

A

A control system, made of certain proteins within a cell, directs the timing and sequence of events in the cell cycle
- if something goes wrong in this system, the cell loses control of the cell cycle

54
Q

Cancer

A

A disease caused by a disruption to the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cell division

55
Q

What do cancerous cells form?

A

Masses of tissues called tumors

56
Q

How many types of tumors are there?

A

2

57
Q

Benign tumor

A

Abnormal mass of essentially normal cells that always remain at the original site of growth (can usually be removed with surgery)

58
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Mass of cancerous cells that displace normal tissue as it grows. If not killed or removed, this tumor can spread into surrounding tissue, or worse: break off and travel to other parts

59
Q

What is the spreading of cancer called?

A

Metastasis

60
Q

What are environmental causes of cancer?

A

Smoking, or oil and water pollution

61
Q

What other things can cause cancer?

A
  • ultraviolet radiation

- genetic factors such as viral infections that damage genes

life science (4 decks)

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