Chapter 8: Memory & Information Processing

Question 1

Learning, experience, or information that has been recorded, stored and can be recalled.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Which ever-so-briefly (less than a second) holds the abundant sensory information—sights, sounds, smells,
and more—that swirls around us.

Answer 2

Sensory register

Question 3

Holds a limited amount of information, perhaps only four chunks, for a short period of time.

Answer 3

Short-term memory

Question 4

Believed to be a relatively permanent and seemingly unlimited store of information.

Answer 4

Long-term memory

Question 5

Process of remembering.

Answer 5

Encoding
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval

Question 6

Input information.

Answer 6

Encoding

Question 7

Stabilizing and organizing the information to facilitate long-term storage.

Answer 7

Consolidation

Question 8

2 types of consolidation.

Answer 8

Synaptic consolidation
System consolidation

Question 9

Occurs in the minutes or hours after
initial learning.

Answer 9

Synaptic consolidation

Question 10

Takes place over a longer period of time.

Answer 10

System consolidation

Question 11

Holding information in a long-term memory store.

Answer 11

Storage

Question 12

The process of getting information out when it is needed.

Answer 12

Retrieval

Question 13

3 types of retrieval.

Answer 13

Recognition memory
Cued recall memory
Recall memory

Question 14

Recognizing

Answer 14

Recognition memory

Question 15

A hint or cue helps facilitate memory
retrieval.

Answer 15

Cued recall memory

Question 16

Requires active retrieval without the aid of cues.

Answer 16

Recall memory

Question 17

Conscious and active processing of incoming information; mental “scratchpad” that temporarily stores information while actively operating on it.

Answer 17

Working memory

Question 18

Directs attention and controls the flow of information supervisor of the working-memory system.

Answer 18

Central executive

Question 19

Briefly holds auditory information such as words or music.

Answer 19

Phonological loop

Question 20

3 types of short-term memory storage.

Answer 20

Phonological loop
Visual-spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer

Question 21

Holds visual information such as
colors and shapes.

Answer 21

Visual-spatial sketchpad

Question 22

Links auditory and visual information.

Answer 22

Episodic buffer

Question 23

Occurs unintentionally, automatically, and without awareness.

Answer 23

Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)

Question 24

Involves deliberate, effortful recollection of events.

Answer 24

Explicit memory (declarative memory)

Question 25

Levels of processing in long-term memory.

Answer 25

Shallow processing Deep processing

Question 26

Encoding information based on basic auditory or visual levels.

Answer 26

Shallow processing

Question 27

Encoding information semantically, based on actual meaning if the word.

Answer 27

Deep processing

Question 28

Creating new episodic memories.

Answer 28

Hippocampus

Question 29

Plays a critical role in connecting the hippocampus to other parts of the brain.

Answer 29

Entorhinal cortex

Question 30

Involved in forming emotionally charged memories.

Answer 30

Amygdala

Question 31

Areas of brain involved implicit memory.

Answer 31

Procedural memory - striatum

Question 32

Areas of brain involved in explicit memory.

Answer 32

Medial temporal lobe of the brain

Question 33

Use of the information-processing system to achieve a goal or arrive at a decision.

Answer 33

Problem solving

Question 34

Learning not to respond or decrease of response to a repeated stimulus. (boredom)

Answer 34

Habituation

Question 35

Early memories are cue-dependent and context-specific.

Answer 35

Operant conditioning

Question 36

A-not-B task

Answer 36

Object search

Question 37

Infants overcoming obstacles to achieve desired goals.

Answer 37

Problem solving

Question 38

Repeating of items that they are trying to learn and remember.

Answer 38

Rehearsal

Question 39

Classifying items into meaningful groups.

Answer 39

Organizing

Question 40

2 types of organizing.

Answer 40

Clustering Chunking

Question 41

Actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered.

Answer 41

Elaboration

Question 42

Inability to use or benefit from the strategies.

Answer 42

Mediation deficiency

Question 43

Capability to use the strategy that was taught, but unable to produce them on their own.

Answer 43

Production deficiency

Question 44

Capability to produce a strategy, but unable to benefit from it.

Answer 44

Utilization deficiency

Question 45

Knowledge of memory and to monitoring and regulating memory processes.

Answer 45

Metamemory

Question 46

Knowledge of the human mind and of the range of cognitive processes.

Answer 46

Metacognition

Question 47

An individual’s knowledge of a content area to be learned.

Answer 47

Knowledge base

Question 48

Episodic memories of personal events.

Answer 48

Autobiographical memory

Question 49

Few autobiographical memories of events that occurred during the first few years of life.

Answer 49

Childhood (infantile) amnesia

Question 50

With age, we are increasingly likely to rely on gist or fuzzy memory traces, which are less likely to be forgotten and are more efficient than verbatim memory traces in the sense that they take less space in memory.

Answer 50

Fuzzy-trace theory

Question 51

Also known as General Event Representations (GERs): sequence of actions related to an event and guide future behaviors in similar settings.

Answer 51

Scripts

Question 52

Reporting of events witnessed or experience.

Answer 52

Eyewitness memory

Question 53

Stated that children progress through broad stages of cognitive growth.

Answer 53

Piaget

Question 54

Determines what information about a problem children take in and what rules they then formulate to account for this information.

Answer 54

Rule assessment approach

Question 55

Development of problemsolving skills is a matter of knowing a variety of strategies.

Answer 55

Overlapping waves theory

Question 56

Events of great importance to the self will be remembered better than less important events.

Answer 56

Personal significance

Question 57

An event has been consistently associated with better recall if it is unique.

Answer 57

Distinctiveness

Question 58

Events associated with either highly negative or highly positive emotions are recalled better than events that were experienced in the context of more neutral emotions.

Answer 58

Emotional intensity

Question 59

People recall more information from their teens and 20s from any other time except the near present.

Answer 59

Reminiscence bump

Question 60

Stories of our lives that we tell over and over again.

Answer 60

Life script

Question 61

Participants were taught strategies of organization, visualization, and association to remember verbal material.

Answer 61

Memory training

Question 62

Participants were taught strategies for detecting a pattern in a series of letters or words.

Answer 62

Reasoning training

Question 63

Participants learned to complete visual search tasks in increasingly less time, and they were trained to divide their attention between two tasks.

Answer 63

Speed training

Question 64

These participants served as a control group.

Answer 64

No training

Question 65

Participants are shown a collection of items and asked to find out, using few questions as possible, which item the experimenter has in mind.

Answer 65

Twenty questions task

Question 66

Best problem-solving strategy, one that rule out more than one item.

Answer 66

Constraint-seeking questions

Question 67

Middle-aged adults often outperform young adults.

Answer 67

Real-life or everyday problems

Question 68

Framework to understand how older adults may cope with and compensate for their diminishing cognitive resources.

Answer 68

Selective optimization with compensation (SOC)

Question 69

Focus on a limited set of goals and the skills most needed to achieve them.

Answer 69

Selection

Question 70

Practice those skills to keep them sharp.

Answer 70

Optimization

Question 71

Develop ways around the need for other skills.

Answer 71

Compensation