Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards
memory
learning through encoding, storage and retreival of info
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier (ex. fill in the blank tests)
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (ex. multiple choice)
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
encoding
the processing of info into the memory system (ex. extracting memory)
storage
the process of retaining encoded info over time
retreival
the process of getting info out of memory storage
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of the sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as 7 digits of a phone number while calling before the info is stored or forgotten
long-term memory
the relatively permemenant and limitless storehouse the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experience
working memory
conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned info such as word meanings
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
iconic memory
a photographic or picture-image memory that lasts no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed practice or study to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information.
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
memory consolidation
the neural storage for long-term memory
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Long term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve info from one’s past
proactive interference
the forward acting disruptive effect of a prior learning o the recall of new info
retroactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defence mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
misinformation effect
when misleading info has corrupted ones memory of an event
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. it is at the heart of many false memories.
deja vu
that eerie sense that ‘Ive experienced this before’. cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
