Chapter 8 - Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

learning through encoding, storage and retreival of info

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier (ex. fill in the blank tests)

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (ex. multiple choice)

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

the processing of info into the memory system (ex. extracting memory)

Question 6

storage

Answer 6

the process of retaining encoded info over time

Question 7

retreival

Answer 7

the process of getting info out of memory storage

Question 8

sensory memory

Answer 8

the immediate, very brief recording of the sensory information in the memory system

Question 9

short-term memory

Answer 9

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as 7 digits of a phone number while calling before the info is stored or forgotten

Question 10

long-term memory

Answer 10

the relatively permemenant and limitless storehouse the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experience

Question 11

working memory

Answer 11

conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory

Question 12

explicit memory

Answer 12

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Question 13

effortful processing

Answer 13

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 14

automatic processing

Answer 14

unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned info such as word meanings

Question 15

implicit memory

Answer 15

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Question 16

iconic memory

Answer 16

a photographic or picture-image memory that lasts no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 17

echoic memory

Answer 17

if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 18

spacing effect

Answer 18

the tendency for distributed practice or study to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 19

testing effect

Answer 19

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information.

Question 20

shallow processing

Answer 20

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 21

deep processing

Answer 21

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Question 22

memory consolidation

Answer 22

the neural storage for long-term memory

Question 23

flashbulb memory

Answer 23

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 24

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 24

an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 25

priming

Answer 25

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 26

encoding specificity principle

Answer 26

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 27

mood-congruent memory

Answer 27

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Question 28

serial position effect

Answer 28

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 29

anterograde amnesia

Answer 29

an inability to form new memories

Question 30

retrograde amnesia

Answer 30

an inability to retrieve info from one’s past

Question 31

proactive interference

Answer 31

the forward acting disruptive effect of a prior learning o the recall of new info

Question 32

retroactive interference

Answer 32

the backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

Question 33

repression

Answer 33

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defence mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories

Question 34

reconsolidation

Answer 34

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Question 35

misinformation effect

Answer 35

when misleading info has corrupted ones memory of an event

Question 36

source amnesia

Answer 36

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. it is at the heart of many false memories.

Question 37

deja vu

Answer 37

that eerie sense that ‘Ive experienced this before’. cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience