Chapter 8: Memory Flashcards
Short term memory
according to the multi store model of memory, the short term emory is a store which receives information from the long-term and sensory stores; it has limited capacity of 7 +- 2 pieces of information and a duration of approximately 12-20 seconds
Semantic memory
long term storage of facts that are not characterised buy any particular persona context in which the individual acquired the facts.
It is general knowledge
Semantic network theory
te idea that items in long term memory are stored in a hierarchical pattern of nodes (concepts) with links between rated nodes
Encoding
the process of putting information into a for which will allow it to fit in with your personal storage system
Storage
maintaining encoded information in a memory store
Retrieval
the process of getting information back form long-term memory to be used in working memory
Multi store model of memory
describes the the three stores of memory: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory and how they interact with each other
Sensory memory
according to the the multi store model of memory the sensory memory if the store for incoming, fleeting sensory information
Functions of sensory memory
- determines the importance of sensory memory coming in and if it should be transferred to the short term memory
- acts like a filter for incoming info for if it is relevant to what we are thinking
- its rapid dece allows the perception of the work to be ongoing and smooth, enable us to register info whilst needed
Iconic memory
a sensory register for the fleeting storage of visual information. lasting 0.3 seconds. explaining why we can see a moving picture from a series of still pictures
Echoic memory
auditory memory in the sensory memory register
Duration
amount of time that information remains in either sensory, short term, or long term memory
Capacity
amount of information which is stored in either sensory, short term and long term memory
Chunking
the process of grouping items together to improve memory capacity - especially short term memory, and of committing to long term memory
Chunking and capacity
chunking increases the capacity of the short term memory, the amount of information that can be stored
Maintenance rehearsal
a strategy for keeping information in short term memory or for moving it into the long term memory by simply repeating information over and over, but not trying to form meaningful connections between the new information and other information which is already in memory
Interference
assuming conclusions fro the information provided in the data used to investigate a psychological (hypothetical) construct
Elaborate rehearsal
a process by which we give meaning to information and link it to other information in our memories
Mnemonic devices
a form of elaborate rehearsal where the information is connected to material already in your long term memory. this can include visualisation, verbalisation and rhythm and rhyme
The serial position effect
in immediate free recall, items at the beginning or the end of a list are remembered better than those in the middle. the SPE comprises the primacy effect and the recency effect
Anterograde amnesia
inability to encode and store new memories
Procedural memories
one aspect of implicit memory. Memory for how to perform particular tasks, skills or actions
Declarative memories
a long term memory store of personal experiences (episodic) and facts (semantic)
Explicit memories
memories of facts, names, images and events; also called declarative memories
Working memory
the mental work that is occurring at any one time, including retrieving information, problem-solving, and comprehending sounds and visions. Working memory draws on information from your sensory memory and long-term memory
Phonological loop
a storage system for auditory information in working memory
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
the storage system for visual information in working memory
Central executive
the functional component of working memory that is responsible for switching attention from task to task, deciding what materials is to be retrieved from, or committed to long-term memory and for performing calculations and making linkages
Episodic buffer
the theatrical component of working memory that acts as both a bridge and a filter (for auditory and visual information) between long-term memory and the central executive and storage components in working memory
Working memory and multi-tasking
Blue
Working memory and intelligence
Jing
Long term memory
the information is encoded and stored, and as long as enough is known about the information then it can be retrieved
what is the capacity of short term memory
7+- 2 pieces of information
what is the duration of short term memory
12-20 seconds
Semantic processing
using the meaning of information of a word in order to encode it into memory
retrieval cues
mental reminders or prompts that we create to assist our recollection later on
retrieval failure theory
inability to retrieve materail due to an absence of the right cues or a failure to use them
primacy effect
the tendency for superior recall of words that occur at the start and the end of a list
recency effect
the tendency for superior recall of words that occur at the end of a list due to the still being in the short term memory
free recall
recalling as much information as possible in any order without cues
Levels-of-processing (Craik and Lockhart)
a model of memory storage which suggests that memory does not comprise any specific number of separate memory stores but instead comprises a continuous dimension in which memory is encoded.
It is related to ease with which it can be retrieved: the deeper the processing of information, the greater the chance it being retrieved
