Chapter 8 Memory

Question 1

How Memory Functions

Answer 1

Memory is like a computer, where information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Encoding is the process of taking in information and translating it into a form the brain can store

Question 3

Semantic Encoding

Answer 3

Focuses on the meaning of information.
Example: When trying to remember the word “apple,” instead of focusing on its visual appearance or sound, you think about its meaning

Question 4

Visual Encoding

Answer 4

Involves imagery or visualizing information.
Example: Memorizing a map or a pie chart

Question 5

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 5

Focuses on sounds.
Example: Remembering a phone number by repeating it aloud

Question 6

Storage. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, memory moves through three stages

Answer 6

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory (STM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM).

Question 7

Sensory Memory

Answer 7

Stores sensory experiences (sights, sounds, smells) for a very short time.
Example: The brief image of a flash of lightning

Question 8

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Answer 8

Temporary storage for active information (around 20 seconds).
Example: Holding a phone number in your mind long enough to dial it.

Question 9

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Answer 9

Permanent storage of information, divided into: Explicit Memory and Implicit Memory

Question 10

Explicit Memory

Answer 10

Conscious recall (e.g., facts, personal events)

Question 11

Implicit Memory

Answer 11

Unconscious skills or conditioned responses (e.g., riding a bike)

Question 12

Retrieval

Answer 12

Retrieval is accessing stored information. It involves: Recall and Recognition

Question 13

Recall

Answer 13

Bringing back information without cues. it relies solely on memory retrieval. Example: Answering a fill-in-the-blank question.

Question 14

Recognition

Answer 14

the process of identifying information that you have previously encountered when you come across it again. like MCQ

Question 15

Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory

Answer 15

Amygdala, Hippocampus, Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex

Question 16

Amygdala

Answer 16

Handles emotional memories.
Example: Remembering a happy family gathering

Question 17

Hippocampus

Answer 17

Important for memory consolidation and spatial memory.
Example: Forming memories of a new location.

Question 18

Memory consolidation

Answer 18

is the process by which short-term memories are transformed into stable, long-term memories.

Question 19

Cerebellum

Answer 19

Processes procedural memories. is a part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and movement
Example: Learning to play the piano.

Question 20

Procedural memories

Answer 20

are a type of long-term memory that involve how to perform tasks or actions, often without conscious effort.
Example: Riding a bike or play the piano

Question 21

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 21

Engages in semantic tasks (understanding and interpreting the meaning of words) and retrieval.
Example: Recalling trivia facts during a quiz.

Question 22

Semantic tasks

Answer 22

involve processing and recalling factual information, concepts, and knowledge that are not tied to specific personal experiences. These tasks focus on the MEANING of information (semantic memory), rather than how it was learned or where it came from.

Question 23

Amnesia

Answer 23

Long-term memory loss caused by head trauma can result in severe issues regarding memory processing

Question 24

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 24

Loss of old memories.
Example: Forgetting your childhood after an accident.

Question 25

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 25

Inability to form new memories.
Example: Not remembering events after a traumatic injury

Question 26

Suggestibility

Answer 26

Memory influenced by misleading information.
Example: A witness recalling incorrect details due to leading questions.

Question 27

False Memory Syndrome

Answer 27

This occurs when misinformation or suggestive questioning creates an entirely false memory.

Question 28

Misattribution

Answer 28

occurs when we incorrectly recall the source of information or confuse where the memory came from.
Example: You might hear a story from a friend, but later recall it as something that happened to you. Or, you could attribute a thought to someone else when it was actually your own idea.

Question 29

Proactive Interference

Answer 29

Old information disrupts new learning.
Example: Struggling to remember a new password because of the old one.

Question 30

Retroactive Interference

Answer 30

New information disrupts old memories.
Example: Forgetting the details of a book you read last year because of new books you’ve read recently.

Question 31

Rehearsal

Answer 31

Repetition helps retention

Question 32

Chunking

Answer 32

Breaking information into manageable units.
Example: Grouping numbers in a phone number (e.g., 123-456-7890)

Question 33

Mnemonics

Answer 33

Memory aids.
Example: Using “ROYGBIV” to remember the colors of the rainbow

Question 34

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 34

Linking new information with existing knowledge.
Example: Relating new vocabulary words to words you already know