Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

what is Cognition

Answer 1

involves mental processes like thinking, organizing, and problem-solving

Question 2

what are Concepts

Answer 2

help categorize and group different ideas or objects in your brain

Question 3

what are the Types of Concepts

Answer 3

Natural and Artificial

Question 4

Natural Concepts

Answer 4

Developed through direct experiences such as observation.
Example: Learning the concept of “tree” by observing various types of trees

Question 5

Artificial Concepts

Answer 5

Defined by a set of rules or characteristics. They are learned.
Example: Mathematical concepts like “square” (a shape with four equal sides and right angles).

Question 6

Prototypes

Answer 6

is the best representation or examples of a concept.
Example; For the concept “furniture,” a prototype might be a chair because it is commonly associated with the category and embodies its essential features like providing seating

Question 7

Schemas

Answer 7

mental frameworks or structures that help us organize and interpret information. They are based on our past experiences and knowledge, which guide how we perceive and interact with the world. Schemas allow us to quickly process information, but they can also lead to biases or errors in perception and memory.

Question 8

Role Schema

Answer 8

Assumptions about how people in roles behave.
Example: Expecting a doctor to wear a white coat.

Question 9

Event Schema

Answer 9

Predictable routines or behaviors. entails routine or automatic behaviors.
Example: Taking off shoes when entering someone’s home in some cultures.

Question 10

Trial and Error

Answer 10

Keep trying solutions until one works.
Example: Trying multiple keys to unlock a door.

Question 11

Algorithm

Answer 11

Step-by-step procedures guaranteeing a solution.
Example: A recipe for baking a cake.

Question 12

Heuristic

Answer 12

Mental shortcuts to solve problems.
Example: Estimating the time to get somewhere based on past experiences

Question 13

Mental Set

Answer 13

Sticking to a strategies.

Question 14

functional Fixedness

Answer 14

Limiting the use of an object to its typical function.
Example: Not realizing a spoon can be used to tighten a screw.

Question 15

Anchoring Bias

Answer 15

Focusing too much on one piece of information. Or the first info they get.
Example: Seeing a $30,000 car price, you feel a $27,000 discount is a good deal, even though $27,000 is still high.

Question 16

Confirmation Bias

Answer 16

Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs.
Example: Believing eating late causes weight gain, you only seek articles that support this belief, ignoring those that contradict it

Question 17

Hindsight Bias:

Answer 17

Thinking you “knew it all along.”
Example: After a football game, you say, “I knew they would lose,” even though there was no clear indication beforehand.

Question 18

Availability Heuristic

Answer 18

is a mental shortcut where people estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.
Example: After seeing news reports about airplane crashes, someone might overestimate the risk of flying, even though it’s statistically safer than driving

Question 19

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 19

Knowledge from experience.
Example: Vocabulary and facts

Question 20

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 20

Problem-solving and adaptability. Refers to the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel or unfamiliar situations
Example: Solving a puzzle

Question 21

Triarchic Theory (Sternberg)

Answer 21

It suggests that intelligence is composed of three types of abilities: practical, creative, and analytical

Question 22

Practical Intelligence

Answer 22

The ability to solve everyday problems and adapt to the environment.

Question 23

Analytical Intelligence

Answer 23

Academic problem-solving skills

Question 24

Creative Intelligence

Answer 24

Innovation and new ideas.

Question 25

divergent thinking

Answer 25

thinking “outside the box”

Question 26

convergent thinking

Answer 26

is the process of finding a single, correct solution to a problem by utilizing proven solutions.

Question 27

Phonemes

Answer 27

are the smallest units of sound in a language.
For example, “bat” (/b/) vs. “pat” (/p/)
Example: The “s” sound in “snake.”

Question 28

Morphemes

Answer 28

are the smallest units of meaning in a language. They can be single words or parts of words.
Example: “Un-“ in “unhappy. can be a whole word (like “cat”) or a part of a word (like “un-“ in “undo”).

Question 29

Grammar

Answer 29

Rules governing sentence structure. this is like Syntax and Semantics.

Question 30

Syntax

Answer 30

Word arrangement

Question 31

Semantics

Answer 31

Meaning of words and sentences