Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards
what is Cognition
involves mental processes like thinking, organizing, and problem-solving
what are Concepts
help categorize and group different ideas or objects in your brain
what are the Types of Concepts
Natural and Artificial
Natural Concepts
Developed through direct experiences such as observation.
Example: Learning the concept of “tree” by observing various types of trees
Artificial Concepts
Defined by a set of rules or characteristics. They are learned.
Example: Mathematical concepts like “square” (a shape with four equal sides and right angles).
Prototypes
is the best representation or examples of a concept.
Example; For the concept “furniture,” a prototype might be a chair because it is commonly associated with the category and embodies its essential features like providing seating
Schemas
mental frameworks or structures that help us organize and interpret information. They are based on our past experiences and knowledge, which guide how we perceive and interact with the world. Schemas allow us to quickly process information, but they can also lead to biases or errors in perception and memory.
Role Schema
Assumptions about how people in roles behave.
Example: Expecting a doctor to wear a white coat.
Event Schema
Predictable routines or behaviors. entails routine or automatic behaviors.
Example: Taking off shoes when entering someone’s home in some cultures.
Trial and Error
Keep trying solutions until one works.
Example: Trying multiple keys to unlock a door.
Algorithm
Step-by-step procedures guaranteeing a solution.
Example: A recipe for baking a cake.
Heuristic
Mental shortcuts to solve problems.
Example: Estimating the time to get somewhere based on past experiences
Mental Set
Sticking to a strategies.
functional Fixedness
Limiting the use of an object to its typical function.
Example: Not realizing a spoon can be used to tighten a screw.
Anchoring Bias
Focusing too much on one piece of information. Or the first info they get.
Example: Seeing a $30,000 car price, you feel a $27,000 discount is a good deal, even though $27,000 is still high.
Confirmation Bias
Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs.
Example: Believing eating late causes weight gain, you only seek articles that support this belief, ignoring those that contradict it
Hindsight Bias:
Thinking you “knew it all along.”
Example: After a football game, you say, “I knew they would lose,” even though there was no clear indication beforehand.
Availability Heuristic
is a mental shortcut where people estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.
Example: After seeing news reports about airplane crashes, someone might overestimate the risk of flying, even though it’s statistically safer than driving
Crystallized Intelligence
Knowledge from experience.
Example: Vocabulary and facts
Fluid Intelligence
Problem-solving and adaptability. Refers to the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel or unfamiliar situations
Example: Solving a puzzle
Triarchic Theory (Sternberg)
It suggests that intelligence is composed of three types of abilities: practical, creative, and analytical
Practical Intelligence
The ability to solve everyday problems and adapt to the environment.
Analytical Intelligence
Academic problem-solving skills
Creative Intelligence
Innovation and new ideas.
