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Psychology Final > Chapter 11 Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

Personality encompasses the unique characteristics in how we think, feel, and behave, which distinguish us from others. It is shaped by various biological, psychological, and environmental factors.

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2
Q

Galen

A

Built on Hippocrates’ ideas, suggesting imbalances in humors explained personality traits and diseases

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2
Q

Hippocrates’ Four Temperaments:
Based on bodily fluids (“humors”)

A

Choleric
Melancholic
Sanguine
Phlegmatic

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2
Q

Choleric

A

Ambitious, passionate, bold (yellow bile).

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3
Q

Melancholic

A

Reserved, anxious, unhappy (black bile)

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4
Q

Sanguine

A

Optimistic, joyful, eager (blood).

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5
Q

Phlegmatic

A

Calm, thoughtful, reliable (phlegm).

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6
Q

Franz Gall’s Phrenology

A

Linked skull shape and bumps to personality traits (now discredited)

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7
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

Agreed with Galen that individuals could be categorized into one of the four temperaments. Developed descriptive traits for the four temperaments.

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8
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Suggested that personality could be described using two major axes:
Emotional/non-emotional
Changeable/unchangeable

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9
Q

Emotional/non-emotional

A

strong emotions (melancholic, choleric) and weak emotions (phlegmatic, sanguine)

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10
Q

Changeable/unchangeable

A

changeable temperaments (choleric, sanguine) and the unchangeable ones (melancholic, phlegmatic)

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11
Q

Theorist Sigmund Freud’s take on personality

A

comes from a psychodynamic perspective in that it encompasses a variety of drives that ultimately influence our personality construction.

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12
Q

Iceberg Model

A

Personality has conscious the tip (visible) and unconscious submerged (hidden) components

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13
Q

the three balanced forces within us

A

Id
Ego
Superego
Example: When tempted to steal, the id urges you to take it, the superego tells you it’s wrong, and the ego balances these forces to make a decision.

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14
Q

Id

A

Instincts and desires
Id: “Eat it now! It looks delicious, and I deserve a treat!”

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15
Q

Ego

A

Rationality and reality
Ego: “I’ll eat a small portion and balance it with a workout tomorrow.”

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16
Q

Superego

A

Morality and ideals
Superego: “I shouldn’t eat this at all. I committed to my diet, and indulging would be wrong.”

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17
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety

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18
Q

Repression

A

proposed by Sigmund Freud, Pushing unwanted thoughts into the unconscious.
Example; A person who witnessed a car accident as a child might completely forget the event. However, as an adult, they feel inexplicable anxiety whenever they drive near the site of the accident

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19
Q

psychosexual stages of development (Freud)

A

Oral (0–1)
Anal (1–3)
Phallic (3–6)
Latency (6–12)
Genital (12+)

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20
Q

oral stage (0-1)

A

Focus on sucking and eating

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21
Q

anal stage (1-3)

A

Toilet training (control).

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22
Q

phallic stage (3-6)

A

Discovery of genitals

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23
Q

latency period (6-12)

A

Non-sexual pursuits.

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24
Q

genital stage (12+)

A

Sexual interests develop

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25
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Focused on overcoming inferiority through social connections.
Example: A child struggling with self-esteem may excel in school to feel competent

26
Q

Erik Erikson

A

his theory of Stages (8) of psychosocial development all involves conflicts or crisis (EX trust vs. mistrust)

27
Q

Carl Jung

A

developed analytical psychology, disagreeing with Freud’s focus on sexual drives. Instead, he emphasized the conscious and unconscious mind, introducing a mystical perspective.

28
Q

analytical psychology

A

explores the conscious and unconscious mind to understand personality and promote personal growth.

29
Q

Karen Horney

A

Focused on self-realization and coping styles and that the focus should be on the future rather than the past or childhood

30
Q

Horney’s Coping Styles

A

Toward People
Against People
Away from People

31
Q

Moving toward people (Affiliation and dependence)

A

Child seeking positive attention and
affection from parent; adult needing
love

32
Q

Moving against people (Aggression and manipulation)

A

Child fighting or bullying other children;
adult who is abrasive and verbally
hurtful, or who exploits others

33
Q

Moving away from people (Detachment and isolation)

A

Child withdrawn from the world and
isolated; adult loner

34
Q

Albert Bandura Social-Cognitive Theory

A

this theory emphasizes how behavior, thoughts, and environment interact to shape personality and learning

35
Q

Reciprocal Determinism (Albert Bandura)

A

in which cognitive processes, behavior, and context, describes how all factors interact together simultaneously

36
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

confidence level or Belief in one’s ability
Example: A confident student prepares well for exams because they believe in their capability.

37
Q

Julian Rotter (Locus of Control)

A

how referencing our beliefs can ultimately achieve control and power over our own lives.
Internal: Belief in controlling your fate (e.g., “I failed because I didn’t study”).
External: Belief in external factors (e.g., “I failed because the teacher made the test hard”).

38
Q

Walter Mischel theory

A

Behavior varies across situations but is consistent in similar ones.
Example: A shy person may always avoid speaking up in meetings.

39
Q

What is Carl Rogers’ concept of “Self-Concept”?

A

It’s the way a person sees themselves, and it’s important for mental health to align the real self with the ideal self.

40
Q

High congruence =

A

greater sense of self-worth and a health, productive life.

41
Q

incongruence

A

refers to a mismatch or discrepancy between a person’s real self (who they actually are) and their ideal self (who they wish to be or aspire to be)

42
Q

Incongruence=

A

The gap between the real self and ideal self can leads to maladjustment and distress

43
Q

Heritable Traits – Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

A

heritability ratio of greater than 0.50 means that Traits like leadership, stress resistance, and fearfulness, for example, appear to be largely determined by our genes, with less influence from the environment in shaping these qualities.

44
Q

What role does temperament play in personality?

A

Temperament, such as reactivity and self-regulation, is seen early in life and influences adult personality.

45
Q

Three Main Temperament Types for Babies

A

Easy: Babies who are generally calm, happy, and adaptable. They quickly adjust to new situations.

Difficult: Babies who are more irritable, have irregular sleeping and eating patterns.

Slow to Warm Up: Babies who are initially hesitant or shy when faced with new situations but gradually become more comfortable once they get used to the change

46
Q

Two dimensions of temperament important to adult personality:

A
  1. Reactivity – how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli.
    Example: A person high in reactivity might get anxious at a surprise event, while someone low in reactivity stays calm.
  2. Self-regulation – ability to control responses.
    Example: A person who stays calm during a heated argument demonstrates good self-regulation.
47
Q

Trait Theorists

A

refer to psychologists who study and categorize the consistent characteristics (or traits) that define a person’s personality

48
Q

Gordon Allport identified three levels of traits

A

Cardinal traits
Central traits
Secondary traits

49
Q

Cardinal traits

A

dominates entire personality (rare) These are dominant traits that influence a person’s behavior across all situations

50
Q

Central traits

A

These are the general characteristics that shape most of our behavior (e.g., kindness, honesty). make up our personality

51
Q

Secondary traits

A

These are less obvious traits, usually seen in specific situations or under certain circumstances (e.g., preferences, attitudes)

52
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Identified 16 personality dimensions.

53
Q

Extroversion/Introversion

A

High in extroversion – sociable, outgoing.
High in introversion – high need to be alone, engage in solitary behaviors.

54
Q

Neuroticism/Stability

A

High in neuroticism – anxious, overactive sympathetic nervous system.
High in stability – more emotionally stable.

55
Q

the Big Five personality traits

A
  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extroversion.
  4. Agreeableness.
  5. Neuroticism
    OCEAN
56
Q

The HEXACO Traits

A

(H) Honesty-humility
(E) Emotionality
(X) Extraversion
(A) Agreeableness
(C) Conscientiousness
(O) Openness

57
Q

Individualist cultures

A

Value independence and personal achievement (EX U.S. England, and Australia)

58
Q

Collectivist Cultures

A

Emphasize group harmony (EX Japan, Asia, Africa, and South America)

59
Q

How is personality assessed?

A

Personality is assessed through self-report inventories (e.g., MMPI, Big Five) that gather responses about thoughts and behaviors, and projective tests (e.g., Rorschach, TAT) that interpret reactions to ambiguous stimuli

60
Q

What are self-report inventories?

A

Self-report inventories are tests where individuals answer questions about themselves, typically using multiple-choice or Likert scales.

61
Q

What are examples of self-report inventories?

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Big Five Personality Inventory
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

62
Q

What are projective tests and what do they measure?

A

Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli (e.g., inkblots, pictures) to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings, exploring deeper personality aspects.

63
Q

Give examples of projective tests mentioned in this section and discuss their uses?

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test: Measures unconscious thoughts through the interpretation of inkblot images.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Involves creating stories based on pictures, revealing motivations, emotional states, and personality traits.

Psychology Final (5 decks)

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