Chapter 11 Personality Flashcards

Question

latency period (6-12)

Answer 1

Non-sexual pursuits.

Answer 2

Sexual interests develop

Answer 3

Focused on overcoming inferiority through social connections. Example: A child struggling with self-esteem may excel in school to feel competent

Answer 4

his theory of Stages (8) of psychosocial development all involves conflicts or crisis (EX trust vs. mistrust)

Answer 5

developed analytical psychology, disagreeing with Freud’s focus on sexual drives. Instead, he emphasized the conscious and unconscious mind, introducing a mystical perspective.

Answer 6

explores the conscious and unconscious mind to understand personality and promote personal growth.

Answer 7

Focused on self-realization and coping styles and that the focus should be on the future rather than the past or childhood

Answer 8

Toward People Against People Away from People

Answer 9

Child seeking positive attention and affection from parent; adult needing love

Answer 10

Child fighting or bullying other children; adult who is abrasive and verbally hurtful, or who exploits others

Answer 11

Child withdrawn from the world and isolated; adult loner

Answer 12

this theory emphasizes how behavior, thoughts, and environment interact to shape personality and learning

Answer 13

in which cognitive processes, behavior, and context, describes how all factors interact together simultaneously

Answer 14

confidence level or Belief in one’s ability Example: A confident student prepares well for exams because they believe in their capability.

Answer 15

how referencing our beliefs can ultimately achieve control and power over our own lives. Internal: Belief in controlling your fate (e.g., “I failed because I didn’t study”). External: Belief in external factors (e.g., “I failed because the teacher made the test hard”).

Answer 16

Behavior varies across situations but is consistent in similar ones. Example: A shy person may always avoid speaking up in meetings.

Answer 17

It’s the way a person sees themselves, and it’s important for mental health to align the real self with the ideal self.

Answer 18

greater sense of self-worth and a health, productive life.

Answer 19

refers to a mismatch or discrepancy between a person’s real self (who they actually are) and their ideal self (who they wish to be or aspire to be)

Answer 20

The gap between the real self and ideal self can leads to maladjustment and distress

Answer 21

heritability ratio of greater than 0.50 means that Traits like leadership, stress resistance, and fearfulness, for example, appear to be largely determined by our genes, with less influence from the environment in shaping these qualities.

Answer 22

Temperament, such as reactivity and self-regulation, is seen early in life and influences adult personality.

Answer 23

Easy: Babies who are generally calm, happy, and adaptable. They quickly adjust to new situations. Difficult: Babies who are more irritable, have irregular sleeping and eating patterns. Slow to Warm Up: Babies who are initially hesitant or shy when faced with new situations but gradually become more comfortable once they get used to the change

Answer 24

1. Reactivity – how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli. Example: A person high in reactivity might get anxious at a surprise event, while someone low in reactivity stays calm. 2. Self-regulation – ability to control responses. Example: A person who stays calm during a heated argument demonstrates good self-regulation.

Answer 25

refer to psychologists who study and categorize the consistent characteristics (or traits) that define a person's personality

Answer 26

Cardinal traits Central traits Secondary traits

Answer 27

dominates entire personality (rare) These are dominant traits that influence a person’s behavior across all situations

Answer 28

These are the general characteristics that shape most of our behavior (e.g., kindness, honesty). make up our personality

Answer 29

These are less obvious traits, usually seen in specific situations or under certain circumstances (e.g., preferences, attitudes)

Answer 30

Identified 16 personality dimensions.

Answer 31

High in extroversion – sociable, outgoing. High in introversion – high need to be alone, engage in solitary behaviors.

Answer 32

High in neuroticism – anxious, overactive sympathetic nervous system. High in stability – more emotionally stable.

Answer 33

1. Openness to experience 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extroversion. 4. Agreeableness. 5. Neuroticism OCEAN

Answer 34

(H) Honesty-humility (E) Emotionality (X) Extraversion (A) Agreeableness (C) Conscientiousness (O) Openness

Answer 35

Value independence and personal achievement (EX U.S. England, and Australia)

Answer 36

Emphasize group harmony (EX Japan, Asia, Africa, and South America)

Answer 37

Personality is assessed through self-report inventories (e.g., MMPI, Big Five) that gather responses about thoughts and behaviors, and projective tests (e.g., Rorschach, TAT) that interpret reactions to ambiguous stimuli

Answer 38

Self-report inventories are tests where individuals answer questions about themselves, typically using multiple-choice or Likert scales.

Answer 39

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Big Five Personality Inventory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Answer 40

Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli (e.g., inkblots, pictures) to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings, exploring deeper personality aspects.

Answer 41

Rorschach Inkblot Test: Measures unconscious thoughts through the interpretation of inkblot images. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Involves creating stories based on pictures, revealing motivations, emotional states, and personality traits.