Chapter 8 - Joints Flashcards
Name the two functions of joints
Give skeleton mobility Hold skeleton together
What is an articulation?
Site where two or more bones meet
What is an immovable joint called
Synarthroses joint
What is a slightly moveable joint called
Amphiarthroses joint
What is a freely moveable joint called
Diarthroses joint
Name the three structural classifications
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous joint
Has no joint cavity and mostly synarthrotic
Fibrous joint
Three types of fibrous joints
Sutures (synostoses) Syndemoses Gomphoses
What does MCL stand for
Tibial (medial) collateral ligaments
What’s does LCL stand for
Fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments
What does ACL stand for
Anterior cruciate ligaments
What does PCL stand for
Posterior cruciate ligaments
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses (synarthrotic) Symphyses (Amphiarthrotic)
What are Synovial joints?
Synovial joints are all diarthrotic and include all limb joints; most joints of the body
What are distinguishing features of the synovial joints?
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) Joint Cavity (small potential space) Articular capsule Synovial fluid Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments Rich nerve and blood vessel supply
What are the three possible types of reinforcing ligaments for the synovial joint?
Capsular - part of the fibrous capsule Extracapsular - outside the capsule Intracapsular - deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
What is Bursae?
Bursae is a synovial joint friction-reducing structure.
- Flattened, fibrous sacs lines with synovial membranes
- Contain synovial fluid
- Common act as “ball-bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin tendons, or bones rub together
What movements are of the synovial joints?
- Gliding
- Angular movements
- Rotation
- Special movements
- Supination, pronation
- Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot
- Inversion, eversion
- protraction, retraction
- elevation, depression, opposition
What are gliding movements?
Gliding movements are one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Examples: Intercarpal joints, Intertarsal joints, Between articular processes of vertebrae
What are the Angular movements?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Circumduction
What is Flexion?
Flexion decreases the angle of the joint
What is Extension?
Extension increases the angle of the joint
What is Hyperextension?
Hyperextension is excessive extenstion beyond normal range of motion
What is Abduction?
Abduction is the movement away from the midline
What is adduction?
Adduction is the movement toward the midline
What is circumduction?
Circumduction is flexion + abduction + extension + adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone in space
What is Rotation?
Rotation is the turning of a bone around is own axis
What is Medial Rotation?
Medial Rotation is rotation toward midline
What is Lateral Rotation?
Lateral Rotation is rotation away from midline
What are the special movements of the radius around ulna?
- Supination - radius laterally rotates over ulna (turning hand forward)
- Pronation - radius medially rotates over ulna (turning hand backward)
What are the special movements of the foot?
- Dorsiflexion (upward movement)
- Plantar flexion (downward movement)
- Inversion (turn sole medially)
- Eversion (turn sole laterally)
What are some other special movements?
- Protraction (anterior movement)
- retraction (posterior movement)
- Elevation (lifting a body part superiorly)
- Depression (moving a body part inferiorly)
What are the classification of synovial joints?
- Plane - Intercarpal
- Hinge - elbow, knee, angkle, interphalangeal
- Pivot - atlanto-axial proximal radioulnar
- Condyloid - Metacarpophalangeal joints (2-5)
- Saddle - thumb
- Ball and socket - shoulder, hip
What is th largest, most complex joint of the body?
The knee joint
What are the joints surrounded by a single joint cavity?
- Femoropatellar joint
- Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles
- the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci of the tibia
What is the Shoulder (Glenohumeral) joint?
- Ball and socket joint: head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula
- Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement
What are the reinforcing ligaments of the Shoulder joint?
- Coracohumeral ligament
- three glenohumeral ligaments
- Coracoacromial
- Coraoclavicular
- Acromioclavicular
- Transverse humeral
What are the reinforcing muscle tendons of the shoulder joint?
- Tendon of the long head of biceps
- travels through the intertubercular groove
- Secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity
- four rotator cuff tendons encircle the shoulder joint
- Subscapularis
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres minor
What are the bursae of the shoulder joint?
- Subscapular
- Subdeltoid
- Subacromial
- Subcoracoid
