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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 11 & 12 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 & 12 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central nervous consist of?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the regions and organizations of the CNS?

A

The regions and organizations are…

  • Brain
  1. cerebral hemispheres
  2. diencephalon
  3. brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
  4. cerebellum
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the ventricles of the brain?

A

The characterisitcs of ventricles are…

  • connected one another and to the central canal of the spinal cord
  • lined by ependymal cells
  • contain cerebrospinal fluid
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4
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

The ventricles are…

  • two C-shaped lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres
  • third ventricle in the diencephalon
  • fourth ventricle in the hindbrain
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5
Q

What are the two C-shaped latertal ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres seprated by?

A

The two C-shaped lateral ventricles are separated by the septum pellucidum

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6
Q

What is the third ventricle in the diencephalon?

A

The third ventricle is continuous with fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)

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7
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

The fourth ventricle is median and lateral apertures connect fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

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8
Q

What are some surface markings of the cerebrum?

A

The surface markings of the cerebrum are…

  • ridges (gyril)
  • shallow grooves (sulci)
  • deep grooves (fissures)
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9
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

The four lobes are…

  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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10
Q

What is the major function of the frontal lobe?

A

The frontal lobe deals with the motor cortex

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11
Q

What is the major function of the parietal lobe?

A

The parietal lobe deals with the sensory

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12
Q

What is the major function of the temporal lobe?

A

The temporal lobe deals with the auditory

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13
Q

What is the major function of the occipital lobe?

A

The occipital lobe deals with visual

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14
Q

What is the site of the conscious mind?

A

The site of the conscious mind is the cerebrum: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

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15
Q

What are the two hemispheres of the brain connected by?

A

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by corpus callosum

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16
Q

What are the three paired structures of the diencephalon?

A

The three structures of the diencephalon are…

  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the thalamus?

A

The characteristics of the thalamus are…

  • superolateral walls of the third ventricle
  • sorts, edits, and relays information
  • processes sensory information
  • perceives pain and pressure
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the hypothalamus?

A

The characteristics of the hypothalamus are…

  • forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle
  • regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst
  • regulates sleep and the sleep cycle
  • controls release of hormones by the anterior pituitary
  • produces posterior pituitary hormones
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the epithalamus?

A

The characteristics of the epithalamus are…

  • most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle
  • pineal gland (body) - extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin (helpts regulate sleep-wake cycles)
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20
Q

What are the three regions of the brain stem?

A

The three regions of the brain stem are…

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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21
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

The midbrain is located between the diencephalon and the pons

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22
Q

What is the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain?

A

The cerebral peduncles contain pyramidal motor tracts

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23
Q

What are the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain?

A

The cerebral aqueduct is the channel between third and fourth ventricles

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24
Q

What is the midbrain nuclei?

A

The midbrain nuclei is a nuclei that controls cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

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25
Q

What is the corpora quadregimina?

A

The corpora quadregimina is…

  • domelike dorsal protrusions
  • superior colliculi - visual reflex centers
  • inferior colliculi - auditory relay centers
26
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

The substantia nigra is the dopamine releasing nuclei

27
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

The red nucleus is the relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the pons?

A

The characteristics of the pons are…

  • forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
  • located between the midbrain and medulla
  • origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), VII (facial)
  • nuclei that help maintain normal rhythm of breathing
29
Q

What are the three centers of the medulla oblongata?

A

The three centers of the medulla oblongata are…

  • autonomic reflex center
  • cardiovascular center
  • respiratory center
30
Q

What does the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata do?

A

The cardiovascular center does…

  • adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
  • vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation
31
Q

What does the respiratory centers of the medullary oblongata do?

A

The respiratory centers do…

  • generate respiratory rhythm
  • control rate and depth of breathing, with pontine centers
32
Q

What are some additional centers regulation of the medulla oblongata?

A

The additional centers of the medulla oblongata are…

  • vomiting
  • hiccuping
  • swallowing
  • coughing
  • sneezing
33
Q

What are the characteristics of the cerebellum?

A

The characteristics of the cerebullum are…

  • dorsal to the pons and medulla
  • controls skeletal muscle contraction and coordinates body movements
  • cerebellar peduncles - three paired fiber tracts connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
34
Q

What are the three paired fiber tracts of the cerebellar peduncles?

A

The three paired fiber tracts are…

  • superior peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain
  • middle peduncles connect the cerebellum to the pons
  • inferior peduncles connect the cerebellum to the medulla
35
Q

What are the protections of the brain?

A

The protections of the brain are…

  • bone (skull)
  • membranes (meninges)
  • watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid)
  • blood-brain barrier
36
Q

What are the characteristics are the meninges?

A

The characteristics of the meninges are…

  • cover and pretect the CNS
  • protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
  • contrain cerebrospinal fluid CSF
  • form partitions in the skull
37
Q

What are the three layers of the Meninges?

A

The three layers of the Meninges are…

  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
38
Q

What are the characteristics of the Dura Mater?

A

The characteristics of the dura mater are…

  • most superficial
  • strongest
  • dense irregular connective tissue
39
Q

What are the characteristics of the Arachnoid mater?

A

The characteristics of the arachnoid mater are…

  • middle layer with weblike estensions
  • separated from the dura mater by the dubdural space
  • subarachnoid space contains CSF and blood vessels
  • arachnoid villi permit CSF reabsorption
40
Q

What are the characteristics of the pia mater?

A

The characteristics of the pia mater are…

  • inner layer of delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain
41
Q

What is the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

The composition of the cerebrospinal fluid are…

  • watery solution
  • less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma
  • constant volume
42
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

The function of the cerebrospinal fluid is…

  • gives buoyancy to the CNS organs
  • protects the CNS from blows and other trauma
  • nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals
43
Q

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

A

The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is…

  • helps maintain a stable enviroment for the brain
  • separates neurons from some bloodborne substances
44
Q

What is the composition of the blood-brain barrier?

A

The composition of the blood-brain barrier is…

  • continuous endothelium of capillary walls
  • basal lamina
  • feet of astrocytes
45
Q

Why is the blood-brain barrier a selective barrier?

A

The blood-brain barrier is selective by…

  • allows nutrients to move by facilitated diffusion
  • allows any fat-soluble substances to pass, including alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics
46
Q

What is the location of the spinal cord?

A

The location of the spinal cord is…

  • begins at the foramen magnum
  • ends as conus medullaris at L1 vertebra
47
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A

The functions of the spinal cord are…

  • provides two way communication to and from the brain
  • contains spinal reflex centers
48
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the spinal cord?

A

The gross anatomy of the spinal cord are…

  • protected by bone, meninges, and CSF
  • Cushion of fat and a network of veins in the epidural space between the vertebrae and spinal dura mater
  • CSF in subarachnoid space
49
Q

Define:

Cervical and lumbar enlargements

A

Cervical and lumbar enlargements are the nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge here

50
Q

Define:

Conus medullaris (medullary cone)

A

The conus medullaris is tapered, cone-shaped end of spinal cord

51
Q

Define:

Filum terminale

A

Filum terminale is fibrous extension from conus medullaris; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

52
Q

Define:

Cauda equina

A

Cauda equina is the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

53
Q

What is the cross sectional anatomy of the spinal cord?

A

The cross sectional anatomy of the spinal cord is…

  • central canal is continuous with ventricular system of the brain
  • two lengthwise grooves divide cord into right and left halves
  • gray matter is located in the center
  • white matter is located outside of the gray matter
54
Q

What are the two lengthwise grooves that divide the spinal cord into left and right halves?

A

The two lengthwise grooves are…

  • ventral (anterior) median fissure
  • dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
55
Q

Define:

Dorsal horns

A

Dorsal horns are interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input

56
Q

Define:

ventral horns

A

Ventral horns are somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots

57
Q

Define:

lateral horns

A

Lateral horns are sympathetic neurons; only found in the thoracic and lumbar regions

58
Q

Define:

Dorsal root (spinal) ganglia

A

Dorsal root ganglia contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

59
Q

What are characteristics of the white matter?

A

White matter consists mostly of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts

60
Q

What are the tracts of the white matter?

A

The tracts of the white matter are…

  • located in three white columns; dorsal (posterior), lateral, and ventral (anterior)
  • each spinal tract is composed of axons with similar functions
61
Q

What are the terms of the gray matter?

A

The terms of the gray matter are…

  • dorsal horns
  • ventral horns
  • lateral horns
  • dorsal root (spinal) ganglia

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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