Chapter 6 - Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Question 1

Define:

Long Bones

Answer 1

Longer than they are wide

Question 2

Define:

Short Bones

Answer 2

Cube-Shaped bones and Sesamoid bones

Question 3

Define:

Flat Bones

Answer 3

Thin, flat, slightly curved

Question 4

Define:

Irregular bones

Answer 4

Complicated shapes

Question 5

What are the functions of bones?

Answer 5

The functions of the bones are…

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Mineral Storage
5. Blood cell formation in marrow cavities
6. Triglyceride storage in bone cavities

Question 6

What do bulges, depressions, and holes serve on bones?

Answer 6

Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as…

• Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
• Joint surfaces
• Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Question 7

Define:

Tuberosity

Answer 7

A tuberosity is known as a rounded projection.

Question 8

Define:

Crest

Answer 8

A crest is a narrow, prominent ridge.

Question 9

Define:

Trochanter

Answer 9

A trochanter is a large, blunt, irregular surface.

Only found on the Femur bone.

Question 10

Define:

Line

Answer 10

A line is a narrow ridge of a bone.

Question 11

Define:

Tubercle

Answer 11

A tubercle is a small rounded projection.

Question 12

Define:

Epicondyle

Answer 12

A Epicondyle is a raised are above a condyle.

Question 13

Define:

Spine

Answer 13

A Spine is a sharp, slender projection.

Question 14

Define:

Process

Answer 14

A process is any boney prominence.

Question 15

What are projections? What are they?

Answer 15

Projections help to form joints

• Head
• Facet
• Condyle
• Ramus

Question 16

What are depressions and openings?

Answer 16

• Meatus
• Sinus
• Fossa
• Notch
• Goove
• Fissure
• Foramen

Question 17

What are the Microscopic Anatomy of the bone?

Answer 17

• Compact bone
  
  • Dense outer layer
• Spongy (cancellous) bone
  
  • Honeycomb of trabeculae

Question 18

What are the structures of a long bone?

Answer 18

• Diaphysis (shaft)
• Medullary (marrow) cavity
• Epiphyses
• Epiphyseal line
• Articular cartilage
• Periosteum
• Endosteum

Question 19

Define:

Periosteum

Answer 19

A periosteum is a covered compact bone on the outside.

Question 20

Define:

Endosteum

Answer 20

A endosteum is a covered spongy bone within.

Question 21

Define:

Bone marrow between the trabeculae

Answer 21

Bone marrow between the trabeculae site of the hematopoesis.

Question 22

What are the cells of the bone?

Answer 22

The cells of the bone are…

• Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
• Osteoblasts
• Osteocytes
• Osteoclasts

Question 23

Define:

Osteogenic cells

Answer 23

Osteogenic cells are stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that gives rise to osteoblasts

Question 24

Define:

Osteoblasts

Answer 24

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells

Question 25

# Define: Osteocytes

Answer 25

_Osteocytes_ are mature bone cells.

Question 26

# Define: Osteoclasts

Answer 26

_Osteoclasts_ are cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix.

Question 27

What are the structural units of the Haversian system?

Answer 27

* Lamellae * Central (Haversian) canal * Perforating (Volkmann's) canals * Lacunae * Canaliculi

Question 28

# Define: Osteogenesis (Ossification)

Answer 28

_Osteogenesis_ is bone tissue formation.

Question 29

What are the two types of ossification?

Answer 29

The _types of ossification_ are... 1. Intramembranous Ossification 2. Endochondral Ossification

Question 30

What happens during Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 30

_Intramembranous Ossification_ is... * Bone develops from fibrous membrane * Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones

Question 31

What happens during _Endochondral Ossification_?

Answer 31

_Endochondral Ossifiction_ is... * Bones forms by replacing hyaline cartilage * Forms most of the rest of the skeleton

Question 32

Longitudinal growth results in elongation...

Answer 32

occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

Question 33

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into what four important functional zones?

Answer 33

The four important functional zones are... * Proliferation (growth) * Hypertrophic * Calcification * Ossification (osteogenic)

Question 34

What are growth in width (thickness) of bone?

Answer 34

* Occurs via appositional growth * Mechanical forces (stress)/exercise lead to an increase in bone strength