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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 - Bones and Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Bones and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

Long Bones

A

Longer than they are wide

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2
Q

Define:

Short Bones

A

Cube-Shaped bones and Sesamoid bones

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3
Q

Define:

Flat Bones

A

Thin, flat, slightly curved

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4
Q

Define:

Irregular bones

A

Complicated shapes

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5
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

The functions of the bones are…

  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral Storage
  5. Blood cell formation in marrow cavities
  6. Triglyceride storage in bone cavities
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6
Q

What do bulges, depressions, and holes serve on bones?

A

Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as…

  • Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
  • Joint surfaces
  • Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
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7
Q

Define:

Tuberosity

A

A tuberosity is known as a rounded projection.

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8
Q

Define:

Crest

A

A crest is a narrow, prominent ridge.

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9
Q

Define:

Trochanter

A

A trochanter is a large, blunt, irregular surface.

Only found on the Femur bone.

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10
Q

Define:

Line

A

A line is a narrow ridge of a bone.

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11
Q

Define:

Tubercle

A

A tubercle is a small rounded projection.

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12
Q

Define:

Epicondyle

A

A Epicondyle is a raised are above a condyle.

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13
Q

Define:

Spine

A

A Spine is a sharp, slender projection.

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14
Q

Define:

Process

A

A process is any boney prominence.

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15
Q

What are projections? What are they?

A

Projections help to form joints

  • Head
  • Facet
  • Condyle
  • Ramus
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16
Q

What are depressions and openings?

A
  • Meatus
  • Sinus
  • Fossa
  • Notch
  • Goove
  • Fissure
  • Foramen
17
Q

What are the Microscopic Anatomy of the bone?

A
  • Compact bone
    • Dense outer layer
  • Spongy (cancellous) bone
    • Honeycomb of trabeculae
18
Q

What are the structures of a long bone?

A
  • Diaphysis (shaft)
  • Medullary (marrow) cavity
  • Epiphyses
  • Epiphyseal line
  • Articular cartilage
  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
19
Q

Define:

Periosteum

A

A periosteum is a covered compact bone on the outside.

20
Q

Define:

Endosteum

A

A endosteum is a covered spongy bone within.

21
Q

Define:

Bone marrow between the trabeculae

A

Bone marrow between the trabeculae site of the hematopoesis.

22
Q

What are the cells of the bone?

A

The cells of the bone are…

  • Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
23
Q

Define:

Osteogenic cells

A

Osteogenic cells are stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that gives rise to osteoblasts

24
Q

Define:

Osteoblasts

A

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells

25
Q

Define:

Osteocytes

A

Osteocytes are mature bone cells.

26
Q

Define:

Osteoclasts

A

Osteoclasts are cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix.

27
Q

What are the structural units of the Haversian system?

A
  • Lamellae
  • Central (Haversian) canal
  • Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
  • Lacunae
  • Canaliculi
28
Q

Define:

Osteogenesis (Ossification)

A

Osteogenesis is bone tissue formation.

29
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

The types of ossification are…

  1. Intramembranous Ossification
  2. Endochondral Ossification
30
Q

What happens during Intramembranous ossification?

A

Intramembranous Ossification is…

  • Bone develops from fibrous membrane
  • Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones
31
Q

What happens during Endochondral Ossification?

A

Endochondral Ossifiction is…

  • Bones forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
  • Forms most of the rest of the skeleton
32
Q

Longitudinal growth results in elongation…

A

occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

33
Q

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into what four important functional zones?

A

The four important functional zones are…

  • Proliferation (growth)
  • Hypertrophic
  • Calcification
  • Ossification (osteogenic)
34
Q

What are growth in width (thickness) of bone?

A
  • Occurs via appositional growth
  • Mechanical forces (stress)/exercise lead to an increase in bone strength

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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