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A&P 1 - Fall 2022 > Chapter 8: Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation

A

Where 2 bones meet

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2
Q

What are functions of joints?

A

Give skeleton mobility and hold the skeleton together
Some allow extensive movement, some allow no movement

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3
Q

What are the general classifications of joints?

A

Functional and structural

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4
Q

Functional

A

How does it move?

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5
Q

Structural

A

What is it made of?

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6
Q

What are the functional classifications?

A

Synarthroses, amphiarthrosis, diarthroses

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7
Q

Describe synarthroses joints

A

Fixed, immovable, fibrous

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8
Q

What are some examples of synarthroses joints?

A

Sutures between skull bones

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9
Q

Describe amphiarthrosis joints

A

Slightly moveable, cartilaginous

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10
Q

What are some examples of amphiarthrosis joints?

A

Intervertebral discs

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11
Q

Describe diarthroses joints

A

Freely moveable, synovial joint

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12
Q

What is an example of diarthroses joints?

A

Found at ends of long bones

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13
Q

What are the structural classifications of joints?

A

Synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous

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14
Q

What are defining features of fibrous joints?

A

Articulated bones united by fibrous tissue

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15
Q

True or false: fibrous joints have a joint cavity

A

False

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

Suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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17
Q

Define suture joint (fibrous joint)

A

Joint held together w/ very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock, found only in the skull

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18
Q

Describe suture joints (fibrous joint)

A

Closed, immovable sutures

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19
Q

Define syndesmosis joints (fibrous joint)

A

Joint held together by a ligament, fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures

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20
Q

Describe syndesmosis joints (fibrous joint)

A

Bones connected by ligaments

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21
Q

Define gomphosis joints (fibrous joint)

A

“Peg in socket” fibrous joint, periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket

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22
Q

Describe gomphosis joints (fibrous joint)

A

Fibrous connection → periodontal ligament

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23
Q

What is an example of gomphosis joints?

A

“Peg-in-socket” joints (teeth in alveolar sockets)

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24
Q

what are the defining features of cartilaginous joints?

A

articulated bones united by cartilage

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25
Q

True or false: cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity

A

false

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26
Q

Describe a cartilaginous joint’s movement

A

limited movement, not highly movable

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27
Q

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

synchondroses and symphyses

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28
Q

What are synchondroses joints?

A

bones united by hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

What are symphyses joints?

A

fibrocartilage unites bones (in between articulate hyaline)

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30
Q

What are the defining features of synovial joints?

A

articulating bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity

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31
Q

Describe a synovial joint’s movement

A

diarthroses: freely moveable

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32
Q

what are the major characteristics of synovial joints?

A

have 6 general features
associated with bursae and tendon sheaths
stability is influenced by 3 factors
allow several types of movements
classified into 6 different types

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33
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do in synovial joints?

A

absorbs compression, prevents crushing of ends of bones

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34
Q

what is a synovial cavity?

A

space containing synovial fluid

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35
Q

what is the fibrous layer of the articular capsule?

A

a dense irregular connective tissue that provides strength to the joint

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36
Q

what is the synovial membrane?

A

loose connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid

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37
Q

what is synovial fluid?

A

secreted by the synovial membrane
viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage

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38
Q

What are reinforcing ligaments?

A

dense, regular connective tissue
strengthens joint
found outside the joint cavity

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39
Q

what are the 3 types of reinforcing ligaments?

A

capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular

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40
Q

where is a capsular reinforcing ligament?

A

thickened part of fibrous layer

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41
Q

where is the extracapsular reinforcing ligament?

A

outside the capsule

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42
Q

where is the intracapsular reinforcing ligament?

A

deep to the capsule, covered by synovial membrane

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43
Q

what do nerves do in synovial joints?

A

detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch

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44
Q

true or false: synovial joints are highly vascularized

A

true

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45
Q

what are the accessory structures of synovial joints?

A

ligaments, tendons, muscles, meniscus, fat pad, bursae, and tendon sheaths

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46
Q

what are ligaments (in synovial joints)?

A

connect bone to bone
reinforce range of motion

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47
Q

what are tendons (in synovial joints)?

A

connect bone to muscle
limit range of motion, provide support

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48
Q

what are muscles (in synovial joints)?

A

stability and movement

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49
Q

what is the meniscus?

A

fibrocartilage pad
improves “fit” of bone ends
stabilizes joint
reduces wear and tear

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50
Q

what is the fat pad?

A

cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone

51
Q

What is bursae?

A

reduces friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bone rub together

52
Q

what are tendon sheaths?

A

elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction

53
Q

what affects the stability of a joint?

A

shape of articular surface
ligament number and location
muscle tone keeps tendons taut as they cross joints

54
Q

how do joints help us move?

A

muscle pull on bones causing changes in the angle between 2 bones at the joint

55
Q

what is an origin?

A

attached to immovable bone

56
Q

what is an insertion?

A

attached to movable bone

57
Q

true or false: the insertion moves toward the origin during a muscle contraction

A

true

58
Q

where to movements occur?

A

transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes

59
Q

what are the three types of movement?

A

gliding, angular movement, rotation

60
Q

define gliding

A

one flat bone surface glides/slips over another similar surface

61
Q

what are some examples of bones that glide?

A

intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between vertebrae articular processes

62
Q

define angular movement

A

increase or decrease the angle between two bones

63
Q

what is flexion?

A

decreases the angle of the joint

64
Q

what is extension?

A

increase the angle of the joint

65
Q

what is hyperextension?

A

movement beyond the anatomical position

66
Q

what is abduction?

A

away from the midline

67
Q

what is adduction?

A

toward the midline

68
Q

what is circumduction?

A

involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb

69
Q

define rotation

A

turning of bone around its own axis, toward the midline or away from it

70
Q

how do we classify synovial joints?

A

by direction and movement

71
Q

what are the types of directions (synovial joints)?

A

nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

72
Q

what are the types of movements (synovial joints)?

A

plane, hinge, pivot, saddle, condylar, ball & socket

73
Q

nonaxial movement

A

slipping motion (no axis)

74
Q

uniaxial movement

A

movement in one plane

75
Q

biaxial movement

A

movement in 2 planes

76
Q

multiaxial movement

A

movement in all 3 planes

77
Q

what are the 4 synovial joints we need to know?

A

knee, shoulder, elbow, hip

78
Q

characteristics on the knee

A

largest and most complex joint in the body
diarthroses, hinge, complicated
flexion, extension, limited rotation
single joint cavity, but three joints in one

79
Q

femoropatellar

A

femur-patella

80
Q

tibiofemoral

A

lateral and medial condyles of the femur each articulate with the tibia

81
Q

tibia-fibula

A

where the tibia and fibula meet

82
Q

structural components of the knee

A

articular capsule, menisci, ligaments, bursae, fat pads, knee joint can lock for standing

83
Q

articular capsule

A

line, incomplete

84
Q

menisci

A

cushion; allow charges in shape; provide lateral stability

85
Q

ligaments

A

7, stabilize

86
Q

bursae

A

reduce friction

87
Q

fat pads

A

provides cushion

88
Q

what do the capsular and extracapsular ligaments do?

A

help prevent hyperextension of knee

89
Q

what do the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments do?

A

prevent rotation when knee is extended

90
Q

what does the oblique popliteal ligament do?

A

stabilizes posterior knee joint

91
Q

what does the arcuate popliteal ligament do?

A

reinforces joint capsule posteriorly

92
Q

what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

anterior crucial ligament (ACL)
posterior crucial ligament (PCL)

93
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A

prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee

94
Q

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

A

prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding femur

95
Q

true or false: the knee is very susceptible to sports injuries

A

true

96
Q

is the knee able to withstand vertical or horizontal force?

A

vertical

97
Q

what are the 3 C’s that injuries occur to?

A

collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, cartilages

98
Q

characteristic of the shoulder joint

A

diarthroses, ball and socket
articular capsule enclosing cavity is thin and loose
greatest range of motion

99
Q

what motions can the should joint do?

A

flex, extend, abduct, adduct, rotate, circumduction

100
Q

what are the 4 rotator cuff tendons?

A

subscapularis, supraspinatus, intraspinatus, teres minor

101
Q

characteristics of the elbow joint

A

humeroulnar joint, diarthroses, hinge joint

102
Q

what is the articulation of the elbow joint?

A

radius and ulna articulate with the humerus condyles

103
Q

what makes the elbow joint extremely stable?

A

interlocking bones, thick articular capsule, strong ligaments, muscles stabilize

104
Q

nursemaid’s elbow

A

dislocated radius

105
Q

characteristics of the hip joint

A

diarthroses, ball and socket
bony socket
fibrocartilage pad covers acetabulum
sturdy

106
Q

what motions does the hip joint do?

A

flex, extend, adduct, abduct, rotate, circumduct

107
Q

what makes the hip joint sturdy?

A

dense, strong articular capsule
ligaments to stabilize
muscles to stabilize

108
Q

true or false: fracture of femoral neck isn’t as common as a dislocation

A

false

109
Q

characteristics of a cartilage tear

A

due to compression and shear stress
fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
cartilage rarely repairs itself
repaired with arthroscopic surgery

110
Q

sprains

A

reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn

111
Q

what are some common sites of sprains?

A

ankle, knee, and lumbar region of the back

112
Q

partial tears (sprains)

A

repair slowly because of poor vascularization

113
Q

full tears (sprains)

A

ends of ligaments can be sewn together, replaced with grafts, or just immobilized for healing

114
Q

characteristics of dislocations

A

bones forced out of alignment
caused by serious falls or contact sports
must be reduced to treat

115
Q

what usually accompany dislocations?

A

sprains, inflammation of a joint, and difficulty moving joint

116
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation of a joint

117
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction

118
Q

how is bursitis treated?

A

rest and ice, anti-inflammatory drugs

119
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

120
Q

true or false: tendonitis treatment is similar to bursitis treatment

A

true

121
Q

characteristics of osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease
25% women, 15% men over age 60
cumulative wear and tear or genetic
changes in articular cartilage
underlying bone is exposed

122
Q

characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis

A

inflammation condition
affects 2.5% of population
synovial membrane inflamed
some cases immune responses mistakenly attacks joint tissues

123
Q

what are some immune responses that mistakenly attack joint tissues?

A

allergies, bacteria, viruses, genetic factors

A&P 1 - Fall 2022 (7 decks)

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