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A&P 1 - Fall 2022 > Chapter 3/4: The Living Units > Flashcards

Chapter 3/4: The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

What changes the function of a cell?

A

the shape

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2
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A
  • physical barrier
  • selective permeability
  • communication
  • cell-to-cell recognition
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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

phospholipids

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4
Q

True or False: phospholipid heads are hydrophilic

A

True

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5
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

polar molecule attracted to water

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6
Q

Is the lipid tail hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

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7
Q

How many layers does the plasma membrane have?

A

2 (bilayer)

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8
Q

Which type of heads (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) face out?

A

hydrophilic

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9
Q

What are plasma membranes made of?

A

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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10
Q

What are the functions of integral proteins?

A

transport, signal transduction, enzymatic activity, and cell-to-cell interactions

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11
Q

What do carriers and channels do?

A

transport small molecules across membranes

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12
Q

What do receptors do?

A

sense interior and exterior environment

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13
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

perform chemical reactions

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14
Q

What are the functions of membrane carbohydrates?

A
  • lubricate, cushion and protect cell
  • reinforce membrane integrity
  • can act as recognition factors (cell-to-cell interactions and pathogen recognition)
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15
Q

What can chains of sugars attach to?

A
  • lipids (glycolipids)
  • proteins (glycoproteins)
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16
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A

many kinds of phospholipids with different properties
- some form stiffer or more flexible membranes
- some form thicker or thinner membranes

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17
Q

What is selectively (referring to plasma membrane)?

A

permits free passage of some materials and restricts passage of others

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18
Q

What is passive transport?

A

move substance without using cellular energy

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19
Q

Can passive transport use a protein channel?

A

yes

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20
Q

What is active transport?

A

move substance using cellular energy (ATP)

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21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

material moves from high to low concentration; down concentration gradient

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22
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

non-polar and lipids voluble substances defuse directly through the lipid bilayer

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23
Q

What are some example of molecules that can diffuse through simple diffusion?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat-soluble vitamins, some water

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24
Q

True or false: lipiphobic can pass using facilitated diffusion

A

false

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25
Q

What is channel-mediated?

A

acts as a pore in the plasma membrane

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26
Q

What is an example of channel-mediated?

A

leak and gated channels

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27
Q

What is carrier-mediated?

A

changes shape as it binds substrate, envelops it, and releases

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28
Q

What is osmosis?

A

defined specifically as movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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29
Q

How does water diffuses through plasma membrane?

A

Simple diffusion
channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

30
Q

What causes water to have a change in net movement across the plasma membrane?

A

solute concentration

31
Q

Water moves to dilute or concentrate the solute?

A

dilute the solute

32
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

measure of solute concentration in water

33
Q

What will happen if the membrane is permeable to the solute and water?

A

diffusion

34
Q

What will happen of the membrane is impermeable to the solute and permeable to water?

A

osmosis

35
Q

Tonic

A

concentration

36
Q

Two types of active transport

A

active transport
vestibular transport

37
Q

What do the two active transports have in common?

A

both use ATP to move solutes across a cell membrane

38
Q

Why do these processes need to use energy?

A

to go against the concentration gradient

39
Q

How does it differ from passive processes?

A

needs ATP

40
Q

What does active transport require?

A

carrier proteins (solute pumps)

41
Q

What does primary use as energy?

A

hydrolysis of ATP

42
Q

What is hydrolysis of ATP?

A

using energy to break down; decomposition

43
Q

What does primary transport cause?

A

shape change in transport protien

44
Q

What is the function of primary transport?

A

“pumps” solutes (ions) across membrane against gradient

45
Q

What is Na+/K+ pump?

A
  • in all plasma membranes
  • primary & secondary active transport
    -maintains electrochemical gradient
    • neuron and muscle cell function
46
Q

What does secondary transport depend on?

A

an ion gradient created by primary active transport

47
Q

What is secondary transport?

A

energy stored in ionic gradients is used indirectly to drive cotransport of the other solute

48
Q

How else can cells move materials in and out of the cell?

A

endocytosis & exocytosis

49
Q

endo

A

enter

50
Q

exo

A

exit

51
Q

True or false: endocytosis and exocytosis is a form of active transport

A

true

52
Q

What are some of the larger cellular items that get transported?

A

extracellular solutes, cellular debris, pathogens, cellular waste products

53
Q

What does endocytosis do?

A

bringing materials into the cell

54
Q

What are the major forms of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

55
Q

What does phagocytosis do?

A

eat bacteria, cellular debris, and foreign material

56
Q

Is pinocytosis selective about what enters the cell?

A

yes

57
Q

Tru or false: receptor-mediated endocytosis is not selective

A

false

58
Q

What are the receptors binding to in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

enzymes and insulin

59
Q

What does exocytosis do?

A

releases cellular products and waste out of the cell

60
Q

What gets released during exocytosis?

A

proteins and carbohydrates, hormones, neurotransmitters, muscles, and wastes

61
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

the site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification, and Ca+ storage

62
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

63
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

strands made up of spherical protein subunits called actin

64
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

tough, insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes composed of tetramer fibrils

65
Q

What are microtubules?

A

hollow tubes of spherical proteins subunits called tubulin

66
Q

How do lysosomes work?

A

use hydraulic enzymes to digest substances

67
Q

Where are lysosomes most abundant?

A

in phagocytes

68
Q

How do peroxisomes work?

A

use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful substances

69
Q

Where are peroxisomes most numerous?

A

in the kidneys and liver

70
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

aid in organizing microtubules network, form spindles and asters during cell division

A&P 1 - Fall 2022 (7 decks)

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