Chapter 1 - Intro to the Human Body Flashcards
conformational homeostasis
varies based on environment; cold blooded organisms
regulatory homeostasis
constant; warm blooded organisms
homeostatic mechanisms rebalance
stimulus, receptor, input, control center, output, effector, response
negative feedback
opposite of deviation
what is an example of negative feedback?
glucose regulation
blood pressure
positive feedback
same direction as deviation
what is an example of positive feedback?
platelet & wound healing
contractions during labor
order of the levels of organization (small to large)
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
what is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
anatomy: structure
physiology: function
true or false: organ systems work alone to maintain homeostasis
false: they work together to maintain homeostasis
ex. digestive system takes in food and breaks it down into nutrients, circulatory system transports nutrients throughout the body
name the 11 organ systems
urinary system
reproductive system
digestive system
respiratory system
lymphatic system
endocrine system
circulatory/cardiovascular system
nervous system
muscular system
skeletal system
integumentary system
what is anatomical position?
feet shoulder width apart, palms up, arms at side
what are the two major divisions of the body?
axial and appendicular
what is included in the axial division?
head, neck, and trunk
what is include in the appendicular division?
arms and legs
superior
above
inferior
below
ventral/anterior
front
dorsal/posterior
back
medial
towards midline
lateral
away from midline
distal
away from attachment point
proximal
near attachment point
superficial
toward body surface
deep
away from body surface
what does superior and inferior delineate the body into?
top and bottom
what does ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) delineate the body into?
front and back
what does medial, lateral, and intermediate delineate the body into?
compares distance from the midline
intermediate
somewhere in between
what does proximal and distal delineate the body into?
distance from the limb attachment to body or origin of the body part
what does superficial (external) and deep (internal) delineate the body into?
toward/away from the body surface
what does the midsagittal divide the body into?
left and right
what does the frontal plane divide the body into?
anterior and posterior
what does the transverse plane divide the body into?
superior and inferior
true or false: images such as x-rays, ct’s, and mri’s are taken using one of the 3 body planes
true
what is the function of the body cavities and membranes?
primarily protection while permitting changes in the size and shape of organs
name the 7 body cavities
dorsal, ventral, cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
how many regions does the abdominal cavity have?
9
what does cardi- mean?
heart
what does hypo- mean?
below
what does chondro- mean?
cartilage
what does gastric- mean?
stomach
what does hyper- mean?
above
what are the 4 quadrants of the abdominal cavity?
right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
what are serous membranes?
continuous membrane that lines the inside of the body cavities and the outside of the internal organs
what are serous membranes?
lubricating fluid that reduces friction and provides cushion to organs
what does parietal serosa line in the body?
lines the inside of the body cavity wall
what does visceral serosa line in the body?
lines the outside of organs
what are some of the other smaller cavities that are exposed to the environment?
oral + digestive, nasal, orbital, middle ear
what small cavities isn’t exposed to the environment?
synovial cavities (joint cavities)
