Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards
true or false: the body isn’t made up of chemicals
false
what are the 2 subcategories of chemistry?
basic chemistry and biochemistry
define matter
something that occupies space and has a mass
what are the 3 states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
define solid
definite shape and volume
define liquid
changeable shape; definite volume
define gas
changeable shape and volume
what is the smallest stable unit of matter?
atoms
true or false: electrons orbit the nucleus
true
what is the fundamental unit of matter?
atoms
what are found in the nucleus?
protons and neutrons
what is an element?
a unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
what 4 elements make up 96% of body?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
how many elements make up 3.9% of the body?
9
how many elements make up the last <0.01% of the body?
11
Does an element with a full outermost shell of electrons react with other elements?
No
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond
Name some characteristics of ionic bonds.
Don’t share electrons, give electrons away
Positive and negative bonds
Not very strong
Name some characteristics of covalent bonds
Share electrons
Very strong
Name some characteristics of hydrogen bonds
Could be more or less equal
Share electrons
What is an ion?
An atom or a molecule with a positive or negative charge
What one electrolytes?
A term for a group of atoms that dissociate (make ions) on the body that are important for proper function
Add an electron
Negative charge
Lose an electron
Positive charge
Name some characteristics of energy
Has no mass, does not occupy space
Can measure it based upon its effects on matter
Makes things move
What is the technical definition of energy?
The ability to do work, or to put matter into motion
What is kinetic energy?
Energy in action
What is potential energy?
Stored energy
What is mechanical energy?
Directly involved in moving matter
What is thermal energy?
Travels in waves
What are some examples of thermal energy?
Heat, visible light, UV light, and X-rays
What is eletrongnetic and electrical energy?
Movement charged particles (ions)
What is chemical and nuclear energy?
Energy stored in chemical bonds
True or false: energy can be transformed into another form of energy
True
Is energy conversion efficient?
No
Why is energy conversion inefficient?
Some energy is “lost” as heat, which can be partly useable energy
When do chemical reaction take place?
When bonds nene formed, rearranged, or broken
What are the parts to a chemical equation?
Reactants and products
What are synthesis reactions?
When smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules
What are decomposition reactions?
When bonds are broken into larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules
What are exchange reactions?
When bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions)
True or false: atoms and molecules colliding with sufficient speed causes chemical reactions to occur
True
What are 4 factors that can influence the rate of chemical reactions?
Temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysis
How does temperature influence the speed of chemical reactions?
The hotter the molecules are, the faster they more
How does concentration effect the rate of chemical reactions?
More molecules means more collisions, less molecules means less collisions
How does particle size influence chemical reaction speed?
The bigger the molecule the higher chance they’ll run into each other
How do catalysts influence chemical reactions?
They are proteins that speed up reactions
What are the two types of chemical compounds?
Inorganic and organic
What are some examples of inorganic compounds?
Water, salts, acids and bases
True or false: water’s structure doesn’t relate to its function
False
Why is it important that heat can be added or removed without much change?
It prevents rapid changes to strict and is important to maintain homeostasis
Is a lot of heat required to convert water to gas?
Yes
Is water considered the universal solvent?
Yes
Why is water considered the universal solvent?
Its polarity allows it to dissociate positively and negatively charged compounds readily
What is a solvent?
The chemical that does the dissolving
What is a solute?
The chemical that is dissolved
What is a salt?
An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl (OH-)
True or false: salts dissociate into their component forms when in water
True
Are all electrolytes salts?
Yes
What one the most common salts in the body?
NaCl, CaCO3, KCl
What salt is found in bones and teeth?
CaPO4
What salt is found in hemoglobin?
Ionic Iron (Fe)
Do acids and bases conduct electrical currents?
Yes
What is a neutral pH?
7
What are acidic pH’s?
1-6
What are basic pH’s?
8-14
True or false: acids are proton donors
True
What determines the acidty of a solution?
The proton concentration
What do acids do in the body?
Denature proteins and prevent bacterial growth
What are some other acids that are found in the body?
Lactic acid, DNA, RNA, amino acids, fatty acids
Do bases accept or donate proton?
Accept
What do bases do in the body?
Buffer H+ to prevent pH changes
True or false: water can act like a base
True
What happens when acids and bases mix?
They neutralize
What is a neutral pH?
7
What is acidic (pH scale)?
0-5
What is basic (pH scale)?
8-14
Do all organic compounds contain carbon?
Yes
How much of a cell’s mass is made of carbohydrates?
1-2%
What are the 3 types of sugars and starches?
Monomers, monosaccharides, polysaccharides
True or false: carbohydrates are the backbone of DNA
True
Why are there so many types of carbohydrates?
They all have different functions
What am called fats when solid and oils when liquid?
Lipids (triglycerides)
What are triglycerides composed of?
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecules by dehydration synthesis
What are triglycerides 3 main functions?
Energy storage, insulation, protection
What are phospholipids?
Modified triglycerides
What is the most important steroid?
Cholesterol
True or false: cholesterol is the starting material for the synthesis of vitamin D
True
True or false: cholesterol isn’t used in cell plasma membrane structure
False
How much of a cells mass is comprised of proteins?
20-30%
Are proteins the least varied of all the molecules?
No, they’re the most varied
What are polymers of amino acid molecules held together by?
Peptide bonds
What are the four structural levels of proteins?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
What is a primary protein structure?
The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain
What is secondary protein structure?
The primary chain forms spirals and sheets
What is tertiary protein structure?
Superimposed on secondary structure and are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intermolecular bonds
What is quarternary protein structure?
Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structures, combine to form a functional protein
List some things proteins do
Structural, enzyme, transport, contractile, communication, and defensive proteins
True or false: neuclic acids am the smallest molecules in the body
False, they are the largest
What are neuclic acid polymers made up of?
Monomers
What are the 2 major classes of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What is captured in ATP?
Chemical energy released when glucose is broken down
What does ATP directly power?
Chemical reactions in cells
