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A&P 1 - Fall 2022 > Chapter 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: the body isn’t made up of chemicals

A

false

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2
Q

what are the 2 subcategories of chemistry?

A

basic chemistry and biochemistry

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3
Q

define matter

A

something that occupies space and has a mass

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4
Q

what are the 3 states of matter?

A

solid, liquid, gas

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5
Q

define solid

A

definite shape and volume

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6
Q

define liquid

A

changeable shape; definite volume

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7
Q

define gas

A

changeable shape and volume

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8
Q

what is the smallest stable unit of matter?

A

atoms

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9
Q

true or false: electrons orbit the nucleus

A

true

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10
Q

what is the fundamental unit of matter?

A

atoms

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11
Q

what are found in the nucleus?

A

protons and neutrons

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12
Q

what is an element?

A

a unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

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13
Q

what 4 elements make up 96% of body?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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14
Q

how many elements make up 3.9% of the body?

A

9

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15
Q

how many elements make up the last <0.01% of the body?

A

11

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16
Q

Does an element with a full outermost shell of electrons react with other elements?

A

No

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17
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond

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18
Q

Name some characteristics of ionic bonds.

A

Don’t share electrons, give electrons away
Positive and negative bonds
Not very strong

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19
Q

Name some characteristics of covalent bonds

A

Share electrons
Very strong

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20
Q

Name some characteristics of hydrogen bonds

A

Could be more or less equal
Share electrons

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21
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or a molecule with a positive or negative charge

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22
Q

What one electrolytes?

A

A term for a group of atoms that dissociate (make ions) on the body that are important for proper function

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23
Q

Add an electron

A

Negative charge

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24
Q

Lose an electron

A

Positive charge

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25
Q

Name some characteristics of energy

A

Has no mass, does not occupy space
Can measure it based upon its effects on matter
Makes things move

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26
Q

What is the technical definition of energy?

A

The ability to do work, or to put matter into motion

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27
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy in action

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28
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy

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29
Q

What is mechanical energy?

A

Directly involved in moving matter

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30
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

Travels in waves

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31
Q

What are some examples of thermal energy?

A

Heat, visible light, UV light, and X-rays

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32
Q

What is eletrongnetic and electrical energy?

A

Movement charged particles (ions)

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33
Q

What is chemical and nuclear energy?

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds

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34
Q

True or false: energy can be transformed into another form of energy

A

True

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35
Q

Is energy conversion efficient?

A

No

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36
Q

Why is energy conversion inefficient?

A

Some energy is “lost” as heat, which can be partly useable energy

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37
Q

When do chemical reaction take place?

A

When bonds nene formed, rearranged, or broken

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38
Q

What are the parts to a chemical equation?

A

Reactants and products

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39
Q

What are synthesis reactions?

A

When smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules

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40
Q

What are decomposition reactions?

A

When bonds are broken into larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules

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41
Q

What are exchange reactions?

A

When bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions)

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42
Q

True or false: atoms and molecules colliding with sufficient speed causes chemical reactions to occur

A

True

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43
Q

What are 4 factors that can influence the rate of chemical reactions?

A

Temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysis

44
Q

How does temperature influence the speed of chemical reactions?

A

The hotter the molecules are, the faster they more

45
Q

How does concentration effect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

More molecules means more collisions, less molecules means less collisions

46
Q

How does particle size influence chemical reaction speed?

A

The bigger the molecule the higher chance they’ll run into each other

47
Q

How do catalysts influence chemical reactions?

A

They are proteins that speed up reactions

48
Q

What are the two types of chemical compounds?

A

Inorganic and organic

49
Q

What are some examples of inorganic compounds?

A

Water, salts, acids and bases

50
Q

True or false: water’s structure doesn’t relate to its function

A

False

51
Q

Why is it important that heat can be added or removed without much change?

A

It prevents rapid changes to strict and is important to maintain homeostasis

52
Q

Is a lot of heat required to convert water to gas?

A

Yes

53
Q

Is water considered the universal solvent?

A

Yes

54
Q

Why is water considered the universal solvent?

A

Its polarity allows it to dissociate positively and negatively charged compounds readily

55
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The chemical that does the dissolving

56
Q

What is a solute?

A

The chemical that is dissolved

57
Q

What is a salt?

A

An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl (OH-)

58
Q

True or false: salts dissociate into their component forms when in water

A

True

59
Q

Are all electrolytes salts?

A

Yes

60
Q

What one the most common salts in the body?

A

NaCl, CaCO3, KCl

61
Q

What salt is found in bones and teeth?

A

CaPO4

62
Q

What salt is found in hemoglobin?

A

Ionic Iron (Fe)

63
Q

Do acids and bases conduct electrical currents?

A

Yes

64
Q

What is a neutral pH?

A

7

65
Q

What are acidic pH’s?

A

1-6

66
Q

What are basic pH’s?

A

8-14

67
Q

True or false: acids are proton donors

A

True

68
Q

What determines the acidty of a solution?

A

The proton concentration

69
Q

What do acids do in the body?

A

Denature proteins and prevent bacterial growth

70
Q

What are some other acids that are found in the body?

A

Lactic acid, DNA, RNA, amino acids, fatty acids

71
Q

Do bases accept or donate proton?

A

Accept

72
Q

What do bases do in the body?

A

Buffer H+ to prevent pH changes

73
Q

True or false: water can act like a base

A

True

74
Q

What happens when acids and bases mix?

A

They neutralize

75
Q

What is a neutral pH?

A

7

76
Q

What is acidic (pH scale)?

A

0-5

77
Q

What is basic (pH scale)?

A

8-14

78
Q

Do all organic compounds contain carbon?

A

Yes

79
Q

How much of a cell’s mass is made of carbohydrates?

A

1-2%

80
Q

What are the 3 types of sugars and starches?

A

Monomers, monosaccharides, polysaccharides

81
Q

True or false: carbohydrates are the backbone of DNA

A

True

82
Q

Why are there so many types of carbohydrates?

A

They all have different functions

83
Q

What am called fats when solid and oils when liquid?

A

Lipids (triglycerides)

84
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecules by dehydration synthesis

85
Q

What are triglycerides 3 main functions?

A

Energy storage, insulation, protection

86
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Modified triglycerides

87
Q

What is the most important steroid?

A

Cholesterol

88
Q

True or false: cholesterol is the starting material for the synthesis of vitamin D

A

True

89
Q

True or false: cholesterol isn’t used in cell plasma membrane structure

A

False

90
Q

How much of a cells mass is comprised of proteins?

A

20-30%

91
Q

Are proteins the least varied of all the molecules?

A

No, they’re the most varied

92
Q

What are polymers of amino acid molecules held together by?

A

Peptide bonds

93
Q

What are the four structural levels of proteins?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

94
Q

What is a primary protein structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain

95
Q

What is secondary protein structure?

A

The primary chain forms spirals and sheets

96
Q

What is tertiary protein structure?

A

Superimposed on secondary structure and are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intermolecular bonds

97
Q

What is quarternary protein structure?

A

Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structures, combine to form a functional protein

98
Q

List some things proteins do

A

Structural, enzyme, transport, contractile, communication, and defensive proteins

99
Q

True or false: neuclic acids am the smallest molecules in the body

A

False, they are the largest

100
Q

What are neuclic acid polymers made up of?

A

Monomers

101
Q

What are the 2 major classes of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

102
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

103
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

104
Q

What is captured in ATP?

A

Chemical energy released when glucose is broken down

105
Q

What does ATP directly power?

A

Chemical reactions in cells

A&P 1 - Fall 2022 (7 decks)

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