Chapter 8 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints

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A. Definition – site where two or more bones come to meet

B. Functions – give skeleton mobility and they help hold the skeleton together

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2
Q

Classification of Joints: Functional

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A. Functional classification – based on the amount of movement that’s allowed at the joint

 1. Synarthroses – immovable joint (axial skeleton) 
 2. Amphiarthroses – slightly movable joint (axial skeleton)
 3. Diarthroses – freely movable joints – they dominate in the limbs
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3
Q

Classification of Joints: Structural

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Structural classification – focus on the material that binds the bones together and whether or not joint cavity is present

 1. Fibrous joints – immovable; sutures – coronal, squamous, etc., joint between the tibia and fibula and tooth 
 2. Cartilaginous joints – rigid or slightly movable; nose  
 3. Synovial joints – freely movable joints; knee, shoulder and elbow
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4
Q

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

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  1. Definition – seams that occur ONLY between bones of the skull
  2. Examples – sutures – interlocking wavy bone edges that are filled with short connective fibers
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5
Q

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

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  1. Definition – joint bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, chords or bands
  2. Examples – ligaments that connect the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
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6
Q

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

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  1. Definition – peg in socket in fibrous joint

2. Example – articulation of a tooth with its bony alveolar socket

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7
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

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  1. Definition – junction of cartilage; bar or plate of hyaline cartilage units bones; they are synarthoritc
  2. Examples – epithelial plate (found in long bones) and the joint found in between costal cartilage and the first ribs
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8
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

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  1. Definition – amphiartic – articular surface of the bones are cover with articular (hyaline cartilage) which are fused with an intervening pad or plate of fibrocartilage; main connecting material (is compressible and a shock absorber – so it allows minimal movement)
  2. Examples – intravertebrial discs and pubic symphysis
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9
Q

Synovial Joints

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A. Synovial joint structure

 1. Articular cartilage – glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage cover the opposing bones surfaces (absorbs compression and keep bone ends from being crushed 
 2. Joint cavity – potential space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid 
 3. Articular capsule – joint cavity is enclosed inside of this capsule 
     a. Fibrous capsule – external layer and it’s tough and it’s composed of dense irregular connective tissue; it’s continuous with the periostea (outer coving of bone) of the articulating bones 
      b. Synovial membrane – the inner layer and it’s composed of loose connective tissue 
 4. Synovial fluid – slippery fluid (lubricant) that occupies all the free space within the joint capsule 
 5. Reinforcing ligaments – band like ligaments; they’re the thickened part of the fibrous capsule 
 6. Articular discs – aka menisci – discs or wedges of fibrocartledge which separate the articulating surfaces of the bones and joints
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10
Q

Synovial Joint Movements

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Every skeletal muscle is attached to bone or other connective tissue structures at two points (origin - attached to the immovable bone and incursion – attached to a movable bone) movement occurs when the muscle contracts across the joints and the incursion moves toward the origin (shrink)

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11
Q

Synovial Joint Movements: Gliding

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a. Definition – simplest type of joint movement; when one flat bones (or nearly flat bone surface) glides or slips over another without noticeable angulations or rotation
b. Examples – intra-carpal and intra-tarsal joints and articular processes of the vertebrae

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12
Q

Synovial Joint Movements: Angular Movements - Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension

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A. Definitions – movements that increase or decrease the angle between two bones
B. Examples – flexion – bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint (bending head forward onto the chest) extension – increasing the angle; straighten the flexed neck; hyperextension – excessive extension that’s beyond the anatomical position

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13
Q

Synovial Joint Movements: Angular Movements - Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

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A. Definitions – dorsiflexion – up movement at the ankle joint; plantar flexion – down movement at the ankle joint
B. Examples – dorsiflexion – toes pointed up and plantar extension; plantar flexion – toes pointed down and dorsal extension

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14
Q

Synovial Joint Movements: Angular Movements - Abduction and Adduction

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A. Definitions – abduction – moving away is movement of a limp away from the midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane; adduction – moving toward is the movement of a limp toward the body midline or toward the midline of the hand or foot
B. Examples – abduction – away and adduction – moving toward

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15
Q

Synovial Joint Movements: Angular Movements - Circumduction

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A. Definition – moving a limp so that it describes a cone in space; it involves adduction,
B. Examples – using a lot of muscles at once (winding up to throw)

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16
Q

Rotation

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a. Definition – turning of a bone along its own long axis

b. Examples – hip, shoulder and neck (lateral rotation – foot to face out or medial rotation – foot to face in)

17
Q

Supination and Pronation

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A. Definitions – describing movements of the radius and ulna; supination – turning backwards and rotating the forearm laterally so the palms face superiorly or pronation – turning forward radius around the ulna
B. Examples – supination – hold soup; pronation – dribbles a ball

18
Q

Inversion and Eversion

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A. Definitions – special movements at the foot

B. Examples – inversion – sole of the foot turns medially and eversion – sole is pointed or faces laterally

19
Q

Protraction and Retraction

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A. Definitions – none angular anterior and posterior movements in the transverse plane
B. Examples – at the mandible – protracting –under bite and retraction – overbite

20
Q

Elevation and Depression

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A. Definitions –elevation – lifting or elevating a body part and depression – moving it back down or moving it inferior
B. Examples – chewing – elevating and depressing the mandible; scapula – shrugging

21
Q

Opposition

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A. Definition – saddle joint movement between metacarpal one and the trapezium
B. Examples – touching the thumb to the other fingers of the same hand; makes human hand a fine tool for grasping and manipulating

22
Q

Range of Motion: Synovial Joints

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  1. Nonaxial movement – slipping or gliding movements found in carpals
  2. Uniaxial movement – movement in one plane; elbow joint (hinge joint, pivot joint)
  3. Biaxial movement – movement in two planes; condyloid joint (knuckle), and saddle joint (thumb)
  4. Multiaxial movement – movement in or around all three planes of space and axis (medial-lateral, posterior-anterior, and superior-inferior); ball and socket joint (shoulder joint)
23
Q

Types of Synovial Joints: Plane Joints

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a. Definition – none axial movement, they have a flat articular surface and they make only short none axial gliding movement
b. Examples – intra-carpal and intra-tarsal joints and intraveterbral joints

24
Q

Types of Synovial Joints: Hinge Joints

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a. Definition – uniaxial movement, these joints have a cylindrical end; the cylindrical end conforms to a trough shaped surface of another bone
b. Examples – elbow and intra-flange joints

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Types of Synovial Joints: Pivot Joints
a. Definition– uniaxial movements; the roughened end of one bone conforms to a sleeve or ring composed bone or ligament b. Examples – proximal radial and ulna joint, atlas and dense
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Types of Synovial Joints: Condyloid Joints
a. Definition – ellipsoidal – biaxial movement both articulating surfaces are oval; the oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression of another bone b. Examples – metacarpal phalangeal joints (knuckles)
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Types of Synovial Joints: Saddle Joints
a. Definition – each articular surface has both concave and convex areas; it is shaped like a saddle b. Examples – carpal- metacarpal of the thumb the ability to twiddle thumbs
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Types of Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket
a. Definition – spherical or hemispherical head of one bone and it articulates with a cup like socket of another bone b. Examples – shoulder and hip joint
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Major Synovial Joints: Temporomandibular Joint
Temporomandibular joint – jaw joint; found anterior to ear a. Bones involved – mandibular condyle which articulates with the inferior surface of the temporal bone b. Description – mandibular condyle (egg shaped) articulates with the surface of the temporal bone has a more complex shape c. Reinforcing ligament – lateral ligament i. Lateral ligament – thickened loose articular capsule which functions to enclose the joint
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Major Synovial Joints: Glenohumeral Joint
Glenohumeral joint – shoulder joint a. Bones involved – humorous and the scapula b. Description – ball and socket joint and the stability is sacrificed to provide a freely moveable joint c. Reinforcing ligaments i. Glenohumeral ligaments – three ligaments which strength the front of the capsule; they can be weak or absent ii. Coracoacromial ligament – goes from the coracoid process to the acromion iii. Coracohumeral ligament – comes from the coracoids
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Major Synovial Joints: Coxal Joint
Coxal joint – hip joint a. Bones involved – femur and coxal bone b. Description – ball and socket joint; there is good range of motion but not as good as the shoulder c. Reinforcing ligaments i. Iliofemoral ligament – strong v shaped ligament that’s found on the anterior surface ii. Ischiofemoral ligament – spiraling posterior ligament – it screws the femur head into the acetabulum when a person stands up straight providing stability iii. Pubofemoral ligament – a triangular thickening of the inferior part of the capsule iv. Ligamentum teres – flat intra capsular (inside the capsule) band and it runs from the femur head to the lower lip of the acetabulum
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Major Synovial Joints: Knee Joint
a. Bones involved – femur, patella, and tibia b. Description – largest and most complex joint of the body c. Reinforcing ligaments i. Patellar ligament – runs from the patella to the tibia below ii. Fibular (lateral) and tibial (medial) collateral ligaments – extra capsular ligament and they prevent lateral and medial rotation when the knee is extended iii. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments – anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) – attaches to the anterior intracondular areas of the tibia and it passes pastorally laterally upward and it attaches to the medial side of the lateral condyle; it prevents forward sliding of the tibia. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) – it runs from the posterior intracondular area of the tibia and it passes arterially, medially, and superiorly to attach to the femur on the lateral side of the medial condyle
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Major Synovial Joints: Elbow Joint
a. Bones involved – radius, ulna, and humorous b. Description – stable and smoothly operating hinge joint that allows flexion and extension c. Reinforcing ligaments i. Anular ligament – found surround the head of the radius ii. Radial collateral ligament – triangular ligament that is on the lateral side iii. Ulnar collateral ligament – triangular ligament that is found the medial side