Chapter 17 - Blood Flashcards
Components
Liquid and cellular; specialized connective tissue where formed elements (living blood cells) are suspended in the plasma
- Formed elements
a. Erythrocytes – red blood cells and transport O2 and CO2
b. Leukocytes – white blood cells; white blood cells, found in the buffy coat
c. Platelets – cells fragments that help stop bleeding; also found in buffy coat - Plasma – non living fluid matrix, straw colored and it suspends the formed elements (cells)
- Buffy Coat – thin whitish layer between the plasma and erythrocytes; leukocytes and platelets; white blood cells
Characteristics
- Color – varies depending on how much oxygen its carrying (bright red – O2 rich; dark red – O2 poor)
- Density and viscosity – more dense than water and its 5xs more viscous than water (thickness)
- pH – slightly alkaline 7.35-7.45
- Temperature – higher than the temperature than body 104
Functions
- Distribution – delivering O2 and nutrients; transports metabolic wastes and hormones
- Regulation – regulates body temperature, pH and fluid volume
- Protection – prevents blood loss and infections
Plasma
Straw colored sticky fluid; mostly water and contains up to 100 solutes
A. Water – 90%
B. Solutes
1. Proteins – most abundant, 8%, most produced in liver
a. Albumin – 60% of plasma protein; acts as a carrier to shuttle molecules, blood buffer, major protein in plasma osmotic pressure
b. Globulin – 3 types (alpha, beta and gama), 36% of plasma protein
c. Fibrinogen – 4% forms fibrin threads of blood clot
2. Nitrogenous wastes – byproducts of cellular metabolism (uriea, uric acid and creatnay)
3. Organic nutrients – materials which are absorbed in the GI tract and are transported for use throughout the body (glucose, other simple carbs, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterols, and vitamins)
4. Inorganic ions – electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium)
5. Respiratory gases – O2 and CO2
6. Hormones – steroid
Formed Elements
- Cell status – 2 of 3 cells aren’t true cells (complete) only leukocytes are complete cells
- Longevity – most survive only for a few days 3. Amitotic – don’t divide
Formed Elements: Erythrocytes
a. Size and shape – biconcave discs (flattened) with depressed centers, small 7.5 micrometers
b. Organelles – NONE; enucleate
c. Proteins
i. Hemoglobin – red blood cell protein that functions in gas transport
ii. Spectrin – network of protein that maintains erythrocyte shape
Formed Elements: Erythrocytes - Function
a. Hemoglobin – protein that makes red blood cells red and it binds easily with O2 transport respiratory gases O2 and CO2
i. Globin – protein with 4 poly peptide chains; each bind to a ring like heme group
ii. Heme – red pigment that contains an atom of iron
Leukocytes
White blood cells, only formed element that is a complete cell
- Characteristics
a. Diapedesis – able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels
b. Positive chemotaxis – chemical trail is left by molecules which get released by damaged cells is
c. Amoeboid motion – amoeba (crawling)
Leukocytes: Type - Graulocytes: Neutrophils
Membrane bound cytoplasmic granules
i. Neutrophils – aka – PMN cells – most numerous white blood cells 50-70%
A. Structure – stain pail lilac and the nucleus consists of 3-6 lobes
B. Function – phagocytize bacteria
Leukocytes: Type - Graulocytes: Eosinophils
2-4%
A. Structure – nuclei are bilobed and they have red cytoplasmic granules
B. Function – kill parasitic worms; play a role in allergy
Leukocytes: Type - Graulocytes: Basophils
<1%
A. Structure – bilobed nucleus with large purplish cytoplasmic granules that contain histamine
B. Function – release histamine and other inflammation mediators and heparin
Leukocytes: Type - Agranulocytes
White blood cells that lack visible cytoplasmic granules, nuclei are typically round or kidney shape
Leukocytes: Type - Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes
25%; divided into B and T lymphocytes – B becomes plasma cells that produce antibodies which combat antigens; T – function in the immune response by acting against viruses and tumor cells
A. Structure – nucleus spherical or indented and cytoplasm is pale blue
B. Function – mount an immune response
Leukocytes: Type - Agranulocytes: Monocytes
3-8% of white blood cells and are they largest leukocytes
A. Structure – U or kidney shaped nucleus and have a gray blue cytoplasm
B. Function – develop into macrophages and important for chronic infections
Platelets (cell fragments)
- Structure – cytoplasmic fragments and contain granules, they stain deep purple
- Function – seal small tears in blood vessels and involved in blood clotting
