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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of the body, parts and their relationship to one another

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye (heart/lungs)

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3
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Body structure; system by system (cardiovascular)

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4
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Studying according to regions. (head and neck, upper and lower limbs, muscles, bones, blood vessels)

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5
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Too small to see with the eye and a microscope is involved

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6
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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7
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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8
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Study of structural changes that occur throughout lifespan

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9
Q

Embryology

A

Study of the fetus and the development changes before birth

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10
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the function of the body

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11
Q

Structure and Function

A

Description of the structure of anatomy and its function (bones support and protect organs)

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12
Q

Chemical Level

A

Levels of hierarchy

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13
Q

Atoms

A

Combine to form molecules; building block to anything

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14
Q

Molecules

A

Form water and protein

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15
Q

Cellular Level

A

Made of molecules; smallest unit of living things (cells and organelles)

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16
Q

Tissue Level

A

Groups of similar tissue/cells that have a common function.

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17
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

has cells that line cavities/surfaces and make up glands for the human body

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18
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Fibrous tissue that makes up nose and cartilage of the body.

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19
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Skeletal
  3. Cardiac
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20
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Nerves, brain, spinal cord and the electrical impulses.

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21
Q

Organ Level

A

2+ types of tissue

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22
Q

Organ System Level

A

Different organs that work together closely

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23
Q

Integumentary System

A

Forms external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury
Organs - skin, hairs, nails
Function - synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

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24
Q

Skeletal System

A

Includes bones and joints
Organs - none
Function - protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals

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25
Q

Muscular System

A

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression.
Organs - muscles
Function - Maintains posture, produces heat and movement.

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26
Q

Nervous System

A

Control system
Organs - brain, spinal cord and nerves
Function - activating appropriate glands and muscles

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27
Q

Endocrine System

A

Secreting hormones
Organs - pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testis
Function - secret hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by the body cells.

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28
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Organs - heart, blood and vessels

Function - transport blood (oxygen, carbon and water); heart is used as a pump for blood

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29
Q

Lymphatic System

A

The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
Organs - red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen and lymph nodes
Function - pucks up leaked fluid from blood vessels and protects body from harmful things. Contains white blood cells.

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30
Q

Respiratory System

A

Organs - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus
Function - keep blood supplied with oxygen, filter for the environment, removes CO2

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31
Q

Digestive System

A

Organs - oral cavity, esophagus,, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Function - Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminates as feces.

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32
Q

Urinary System

A

Organs - kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Function - eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the body.

33
Q

Reproductive System

A

Produce offspring
Organs - Male - prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, and ductus deferens.
Function - Male - testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Organs - Female - mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, uterine tube, and vagina
Function - Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn.

34
Q

Anatomical Position

A

When the body is standing, feet apart, pals and feet face forward.
Right and left - inverted from doctor; patient is facing you.

35
Q

Superior

A

Toward head; upper part of structure

36
Q

Inferior

A

Away from head; below part of structure

37
Q

Ventral and Anterior

A

Toward or at front of body

38
Q

Dorsal and Posterior

A

Toward or back of the body (heart is posterior to breast bone)

39
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at midline of the body

40
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; on the other side of

41
Q

Intermediate

A

Between medial and lateral structure (collarbone is intermediate the breast plate and shoulder)

42
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part; the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

43
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

44
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or at the body surface (skin < muscles)

45
Q

Deep

A

Away from the body surface; more internal (muscles > skin)

46
Q

Axial Part

A

Head, neck and trunk

47
Q

Appendicular Part

A

Limbs (arms and legs); appendages attached to the bodies axis

48
Q

Regional Terms

A

Specific areas (upper and lower limbs)

49
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane which divides body VIRTICALLY into right and left parts

50
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

Right on the midline

51
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

Lies right next to the midline

52
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior

53
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Horizontal plane divides into superior and inferior parts; produces a cross section

54
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Protects brain and nervous system

55
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Holds brain

56
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

Holds spinal cord

57
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Holds internal organs; 2 subdivisions that are separated by the diaphragm (pleural and pericardial)

58
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

Holds a lung

59
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between pleural and pericardial cavities

60
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Contains the heart

61
Q

Abdominal Cavities

A

Stomach intestines, spleen and liver

62
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

63
Q

Umbilical Region

A

__I___I__
__I_X_I__
__I I__

64
Q

Epigastic Region

A

__I_X_I__
__I___I__
__I I__

65
Q

Hypogastric Region

A

__I___I__
__I___I__
__I X I__

66
Q

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

A

__I___I__
X_I___I_X
__I I__

67
Q

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

A

X_I___I_X
__I___I__
__I I__

68
Q

Right and Left Iliac Regions

A

__I___I__
__I___I__
X_I I_X

69
Q

Serous Membrane

A

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the heart, it contains are covered by a thin double layered membrane

70
Q

Parietal Serosae

A

Outer lining of the heart

71
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A

Around; lining

72
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Lung lining

73
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Outer abdominal lining

74
Q

Visceral Serosae

A

Inner lining of the heart

75
Q

Visceral Pericardium

A

Layer directly on the heart

76
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Lines directly on the lungs

77
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Inner layer of the abdominal lining

78
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Fluid found in the lining used to prevent friction

Anatomy & Physiology (22 decks)

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