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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of the body, parts and their relationship to one another

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye (heart/lungs)

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3
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Body structure; system by system (cardiovascular)

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4
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Studying according to regions. (head and neck, upper and lower limbs, muscles, bones, blood vessels)

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5
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Too small to see with the eye and a microscope is involved

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6
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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7
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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8
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Study of structural changes that occur throughout lifespan

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9
Q

Embryology

A

Study of the fetus and the development changes before birth

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10
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the function of the body

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11
Q

Structure and Function

A

Description of the structure of anatomy and its function (bones support and protect organs)

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12
Q

Chemical Level

A

Levels of hierarchy

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13
Q

Atoms

A

Combine to form molecules; building block to anything

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14
Q

Molecules

A

Form water and protein

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15
Q

Cellular Level

A

Made of molecules; smallest unit of living things (cells and organelles)

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16
Q

Tissue Level

A

Groups of similar tissue/cells that have a common function.

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17
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

has cells that line cavities/surfaces and make up glands for the human body

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18
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Fibrous tissue that makes up nose and cartilage of the body.

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19
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Skeletal
  3. Cardiac
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20
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Nerves, brain, spinal cord and the electrical impulses.

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21
Q

Organ Level

A

2+ types of tissue

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22
Q

Organ System Level

A

Different organs that work together closely

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23
Q

Integumentary System

A

Forms external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury
Organs - skin, hairs, nails
Function - synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

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24
Q

Skeletal System

A

Includes bones and joints
Organs - none
Function - protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals

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25
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression. Organs - muscles Function - Maintains posture, produces heat and movement.
26
Nervous System
Control system Organs - brain, spinal cord and nerves Function - activating appropriate glands and muscles
27
Endocrine System
Secreting hormones Organs - pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testis Function - secret hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by the body cells.
28
Cardiovascular System
Organs - heart, blood and vessels | Function - transport blood (oxygen, carbon and water); heart is used as a pump for blood
29
Lymphatic System
The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body Organs - red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen and lymph nodes Function - pucks up leaked fluid from blood vessels and protects body from harmful things. Contains white blood cells.
30
Respiratory System
Organs - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus Function - keep blood supplied with oxygen, filter for the environment, removes CO2
31
Digestive System
Organs - oral cavity, esophagus,, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Function - Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminates as feces.
32
Urinary System
Organs - kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Function - eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the body.
33
Reproductive System
Produce offspring Organs - Male - prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, and ductus deferens. Function - Male - testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Organs - Female - mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, uterine tube, and vagina Function - Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn.
34
Anatomical Position
When the body is standing, feet apart, pals and feet face forward. Right and left - inverted from doctor; patient is facing you.
35
Superior
Toward head; upper part of structure
36
Inferior
Away from head; below part of structure
37
Ventral and Anterior
Toward or at front of body
38
Dorsal and Posterior
Toward or back of the body (heart is posterior to breast bone)
39
Medial
Toward or at midline of the body
40
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the other side of
41
Intermediate
Between medial and lateral structure (collarbone is intermediate the breast plate and shoulder)
42
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part; the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
43
Distal
Farther from the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
44
Superficial
Toward or at the body surface (skin < muscles)
45
Deep
Away from the body surface; more internal (muscles > skin)
46
Axial Part
Head, neck and trunk
47
Appendicular Part
Limbs (arms and legs); appendages attached to the bodies axis
48
Regional Terms
Specific areas (upper and lower limbs)
49
Sagittal Plane
Vertical plane which divides body VIRTICALLY into right and left parts
50
Midsagittal Plane
Right on the midline
51
Parasagittal Plane
Lies right next to the midline
52
Frontal Plane
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior
53
Transverse Plane
Horizontal plane divides into superior and inferior parts; produces a cross section
54
Dorsal Body Cavity
Protects brain and nervous system
55
Cranial Cavity
Holds brain
56
Vertebral Cavity
Holds spinal cord
57
Ventral Body Cavity
Holds internal organs; 2 subdivisions that are separated by the diaphragm (pleural and pericardial)
58
Pleural Cavities
Holds a lung
59
Mediastinum
Space between pleural and pericardial cavities
60
Pericardial Cavity
Contains the heart
61
Abdominal Cavities
Stomach intestines, spleen and liver
62
Pelvic Cavity
Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
63
Umbilical Region
__I___I__ __I_X_I__ __I I__
64
Epigastic Region
__I_X_I__ __I___I__ __I I__
65
Hypogastric Region
__I___I__ __I___I__ __I X I__
66
Right and Left Lumbar Regions
__I___I__ X_I___I_X __I I__
67
Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
X_I___I_X __I___I__ __I I__
68
Right and Left Iliac Regions
__I___I__ __I___I__ X_I I_X
69
Serous Membrane
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the heart, it contains are covered by a thin double layered membrane
70
Parietal Serosae
Outer lining of the heart
71
Parietal Pericardium
Around; lining
72
Parietal Pleura
Lung lining
73
Parietal Peritoneum
Outer abdominal lining
74
Visceral Serosae
Inner lining of the heart
75
Visceral Pericardium
Layer directly on the heart
76
Visceral Pleura
Lines directly on the lungs
77
Visceral Peritoneum
Inner layer of the abdominal lining
78
Serous Fluid
Fluid found in the lining used to prevent friction

Anatomy & Physiology (22 decks)

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