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CompTIA A+ > Chapter 8: Installing Wireless and SOHO Networks > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Installing Wireless and SOHO Networks Flashcards

1
Q

The term WiFi refers to wireless networking, in general, but was originally coined for

A

A term to market 802.11b (Wireless B)

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2
Q

Family of standards that comprise primary wireless networking technology today

A

IEEE 802.11

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3
Q

WLAN

A

Wireless LAN

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4
Q

What organization creates and manages wireless standards?

A

IEEE

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5
Q

Year 802.11 was ratified as a standard

A

1997

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6
Q

While there are over 20 wireless standards defined in 802.11, what are the most popular?

A
  1. 11a
  2. 11b
  3. 11g
  4. 11n
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7
Q

A 802.11 network is similar to a ____ network, only wireless

A

Ethernet

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8
Q

Just as at the center of an ethernet network there is a central hub, switch, or router, an 802.11 network will have _____

A

A central, *wireless* hub, switch, or router. Or access point.

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9
Q

SSID

A

Service-Set Identifier

The public name of a wireless network

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10
Q

Because a wireless network is often one, big collision domain, wireless devices depend on _____ to determine who talks, when, so every device doesn’t send information at the same time.

A

CSMA / CA

Carrier Sense Multiple Acess / Collission Avoidance

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11
Q

Back-off time

A

The period of time that a sender waits before attempting to resend a packet of information that experiences a collision with another device’s message.

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12
Q

The original 802.11 standard allows for what speeds and operates at what frequencies?

A

1Mbps - 2Mbps

Uses the 2.4GHz frequency spectrum

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13
Q

What does the original 802.11 specification used for data encoding?

A

Either FHSS (Frequency-hopping spread spectrum) or DSSS (Direct-sequence spread spectrum)

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14
Q

802.11a allowed for bandwidth of

A

54Mbps

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15
Q

What spectrum did 802.11a operate on?

A

5GHz

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16
Q

What encoding system did the 802.11a standard use?

A

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

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17
Q

When was 802.11a ratified?

A

1999

Though devices weren’t sold until 2001

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18
Q

Which standard was faster, 802.11a or 802.11b?

A
  1. 11a, actually.
  2. 11b was ratified at the same time as 802.11a but made it to market faster.
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19
Q

What speeds does 802.11b allow for?

A

11Mbps

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20
Q

What data encoding is used with 802.11b?

A

DSSS

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21
Q

Why are 802.11b and 802.11a incompatible

A

These devices cannot be used with each other because they operate at different frequencies.

5GHz and 2.4GHz

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22
Q

When was 802.11g ratified?

A

2003

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23
Q

What speeds does 802.11g allow for?

A

54Mbps

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24
Q

What frequency does 802.11g operate on?

A

2.4GHz

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25
Q

What data encoding is used for 802.11g

A

OFDM or DSSS

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26
Q

While 802.11g and 802.11b can be used on the same network, what do you give up if you combine the two?

A

802.11b cannot use OFDM. To compensate, both devices will use DSSS modulation.

All devices connected to either access point will max out at 11Mbps.

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27
Q

Within the 2.4GHz range, there are _____ separate, 22MHz communication channels.

A

14

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28
Q

Although there are 14 seperate, 22MHz channels on the 2.4GHz range, when using multiple g/b devices, you should select those channels that don’t _____

A

Overlap

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29
Q

Even though there are 14 defined channels for b/g devices, you can only use ____

A

The first 11

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30
Q

What are the three non-overlapping channels to use on the 2.4GHz range?

A

1, 6, 11

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31
Q

When was 802.11n ratified?

A

2010

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32
Q

What’s the maximum speed for 802.11n?

A

600Mbps

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33
Q

What frequency range does 802.11n run on?

A

2.4GHz and 5GHz

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34
Q

What does 802.11n do to achieve its higher throughput/speeds?

A

40MHz channels instead of 22MHz

MIMO

Channel Bonding

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35
Q

How does 802.11n use 40MHz channels if it uses the same frequency as 802.11g?

A

The standard reduces the number of channels and doubles the width of each one.

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36
Q

MIMO

A

Multiple-input multiple-output

Using multiple antennas rather than a single antenna to communicate information

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37
Q

How many antennas can an 802.11n device support?

A

Up to 8

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38
Q

Channel Bonding

A

Allows the device to communicate at 2.4GHz and 5GHz simultaneously. A client / network host sends and receives network information at both frequencies.

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39
Q

802.11n is backward compatible with which standards

A
  1. 11b
  2. 11g
  3. 11a
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40
Q

What is the indoor / outdoor range of

802.11n

A

Indoor: 70m

Outdorr: 250m

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41
Q

What is the indoor / outdoor range of

802.11g

A

Indoor: 40m

Outdoor: 140m

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42
Q

What is the indoor / outdoor range of

802.11b

A

Indoor: 40m

Outdoor 140m

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43
Q

What is the indoor / outdoor range of

802.11a

A

Indoor: 35m

Outdoor: 120m

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44
Q

What is the indoor / outdoor range of

802.11

A

Indoor: 20m

Outdoor: 100m

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45
Q

How are distance from an AP and network speeds related?

A

The closers you are to an AP, the better the connection, the faster the speed.

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46
Q

What are three signal modulation techniques?

A

FHSS

DSSS

OFDM

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47
Q

FHSS

A

Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum

The sender and receiver “hop” across several predefined frequencies. Both send/receiver switch to a new frequency syncronously.

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48
Q

DSSS

A

Direct-sequence spread spectrum

Each packet has additional, redundant information (a checksum) to allow the receiver to check that the information was received accurately.

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49
Q

OFDM

A

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Breaks data into subsinals and transmit them simultaneously on different frequencies / subbands.

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50
Q

Examples of devices that emit signals at the same frequency as wireless APs

A

Older bluetooth devices

cordless phones

cell phones

other access points

microwaves

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51
Q

WAP

A

Wireless access point

Look like a wireless router and provide central connectivity like wireless routers, but they don’t have as many features.

….Like, they don’t route packets on a network

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52
Q

Name this device:

A

Wireless Router

(It says router if you look close enough, which is how you’d tell it apart from a WAP)

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53
Q

Three examples of wireless encryption

A

WEP

WPA

WPA2

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54
Q

WEP

A

Wired Equivalency Protocol

Encrypts data using a static key. Clients must know the key.

Keys are usually 10, 26, or 58 hexadecimal characters long.

55
Q

WEP is insecure because of

A

The encryption keys are static – never change

the encryption algorithm itself is weak

56
Q

WPA

A

WiFi Protected Access

57
Q

TKIP

A

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol

Used by WPA

Uses a different 128-bit key for each packet.

58
Q

WPA2

A

WiFi Protected Access 2

Uses AES, a much stronger encyption method than WPA’s TKIP

59
Q

AES

A

Advanced Encryption Standard

60
Q

CCMP

A

Counter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol

Protocol based on AES.

Used by WPA2

61
Q

SOHO Networks

A

Small Office / Home Office Networks

Networks based at home or within a small office

62
Q

ISP

A

Internet Service Provider

63
Q

Two categories of Internet Connections

A

Dial-up

Broadband

64
Q

POTS

A

Plain Old Telephone Service

65
Q

Reasons you might still select dial-up

A

Only hardware is requires is a modem and a phone connection.

Easy to set up and conifgure

Cheapest solution

Use it whereever there is phone service

66
Q

DSL

A

Type of broadband

Digital Subscriber Line

Uses existing phone lines and a DSL modem

67
Q

List the different forms of DSL

A

High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)

Symmetric DSL (SDSL)

Very High Bit-rate DSL (VDSL)

Rate-adaptive DSL (RADSL)

Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)

68
Q

Most popular form of DSL

A

ADSL

69
Q

ADSL

A

Asymmetric DSL

A symmetrical because it supports download speeds that are faster than upload speeds.

70
Q

Name this device:

A

The back of a DSL modem

71
Q

Name this device:

A

A DSL splitter / filter

Filters out the modem’s noise from the phone line

72
Q

Why can ADSL and voice operate on the same phone line?

A

ADSL and voice use different frequencies on the same wire.

Phone communications use frequencies between 0 and 4kHz.

ADSL uses 25kHz - 138kHz

73
Q

When was the ADSL standard approved?

A

1998

74
Q

What was the maximum speed of the first ADSL standard?

A

8Mbps downloads

1Mbps Upload

75
Q

What speed doe sthe current ADSL standard offer?

A

24Mbps download

3.5Mbps upload

76
Q

Most ADSL communications are ____-duplex

A

full-duplex

77
Q

Advantages to DSL

A

Faster than dial-up

You don’t share your bandwidth with other subscribers

Generally reliable

78
Q

Naked DSL

A

DSL via a phone line that doesn’t allow for voice.

Service for people who don’t have land lines

79
Q

Cable Internet

A

Internet connection provided via your cable service.

80
Q

DOCSIS

A

Data over cable internet specification

Specification that defines how to transfer internet data via a cable connection

81
Q

Advantages of using cable internet connection

A

Faster than dial-up. Can be faster than DSL, depending on the service

Not required to have or use a phone line

Generally reliable

82
Q

Unlike with DSL, when you connect via cable, you ______ with everyone else in your neighborhood

A

Share a connection

You’re basically connecting to a LAN of your entire neighborhood.

83
Q

ISDN

A

Integrated Services Digital Network

A point-to-point network capable of up to 2Mbps

84
Q

ISDN uses the same 2-pair UTP wiring as ____

A

POTS

85
Q

ISDN is still considered _____, even though it’s slower than alternatives

A

Broadband

Uses a phone line but sends digital (not analog) signals

86
Q

What does a computer connect to an ISDN line with?

A

ISDN terminal adapter

Also known as ISDN TA or an ISDN Modem

87
Q

Even though an ISDN terminal adapter is sometimes refered to as a modem, it isn’t because ____

A

ISDN is 100% digital. There is no need to convert a digital signal to analog for transmission, or vice versa. Since that’s what a modem does, there isn’t a need for a modem.

88
Q

Two types of channels of an ISDN line are

A

Bearer Channel (or B Channel)

Signal Channel (or D Channel)

89
Q

B Channel

A

Bearer Channel.

Channel of an ISDN line.

Each bearer channel carries 64Kbps

90
Q

D Channel

A

Signal Channel

Type of channel carried by an ISDN line.

Carries 16Kbps

Used for link management, not for carrying data.

91
Q

BRI ISDN Line

A

Basic Rate Interface ISDN

Typical type of ISDN line

92
Q

Speed of a BRI ISDN

A

144Kbps

93
Q

Number of B and D channels carried by a BRI ISDN

A

2 B channels

1 D channels

That’s two 64Kbps channels for data and 1 D channel for link manamagement

94
Q

A B channel can be used for _____ or data

A

Voice

When voice is used on a B channel, it cannot be used for data.

95
Q

2B+D

A

BRI ISDN

96
Q

BRI ISDN isn’t popular in the US, but “It’s really big in ____”

A

Europe

97
Q

PRI ISDN

A

Primary Rate Interface ISDN

23 B channels and 1 D channel

Total bandwidth: 1536 Kbps

Carried on a T1

98
Q

23B + D ISDN

A

PRI ISDN

99
Q

FTTH

A

Fiber to the Home

A type of fiber connection that runs fiber lines from a service provider directly to your home.

100
Q

FTTN

A

Fiber to the node

A type of fiber internet conection that runs fiber from the provider to a cable company’s cable box down the street. Then offers copper from the box to your home.

Also known as fiber to the curb

101
Q

Satellite Internet

A

Uses a satellite dish to connect you to the Internet.

Often the max speeds are 4Mbps

Comes with latency issues

102
Q

Problems with satellite internet connections

A

Installation can be difficult - must be installed and pointed right at the satellite

Line of site between dish and satellite - No trees

Latency - It’s going to space and back

103
Q

Cables used, max speed, and max distance for

10BaseT Ethernet

A

UTP CAT3 and up

100Mbps

100Meters (~300 feet)

104
Q

Cables used, max speed, and max distance for

100BaseTX

A

UTP CAT5 and up

100Mbps

100 Meters

105
Q

Cables used, max speed, and max distance for

100BaseFX

A

Multi-mode fiber

100Mbps

2000 Meters

106
Q

Cables used, max speed, and max distance for

1000BaseT

A

UTP CAT5e and higher

1Gbps

100 Meters

107
Q

Cables used, max speed, and max distance for

10GbaseT

A

UTP CAT6a and up

10GBps

100 meters

108
Q

Cables used, max speed, and max distance for

10GBaseSR

A

Multi-mode fiber

10Gbps

300 meters

109
Q

Cables used, max speed, and max distance for

10GBaseLR

A

Single-Mode Fiber

10Gbps

10km (6.2 miles)

110
Q

Cables used, max speed, and max distance for

10GBaseER

A

Single-mode fiber

10Gbps

40km (~25 miles)

111
Q

Between Copper and Fiber, which is not immune to wiretapping

A

Copper is not immune to wiretapping – It immits a signal and could be listened in on.

Since fiber transmits light, there is no radio signal to pick up.

112
Q

EMI

A

Elecromagnetic Interference

Interference caused by radio waves produced by other equipment. Copper cables, which transmit radio waves, can fall victim to EMI

Fiber does not, as it transmits light.

113
Q

IrDA

A

Infrared Data Association

Consortium formed in ‘93 to promote / design infrared standards

114
Q

Infrared data transmission speeds are up to

A

16Mbps

But IrDA claims faster speeds are coming.

115
Q

PoE

A

Power over Ethernet

Providing power to a device by sending it through the CAT-x cable.

116
Q

Steps to installing a NIC

A
  1. Turn of PC, remove case
  2. Insert NIC expansion card. Screw in
  3. Put the case on. Power on the PC
  4. Install the driver
  5. Plug network cable into NIC
117
Q

Two ways to give a NIC an IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server IPs

A

Use a DHCP server

Assign all that manually

118
Q

Name this…. thing and it’s use:

A

Cable Trough

Used to encase cable when running up a wall

119
Q

Name this item and its use

A

Floor cable gaurd

So folks don’t trip on cables.

120
Q

Why should you avoid running cables around fluorescent lights?

A

These lights create EMI, which will interfere with the signal.

121
Q

5 steps to securing a wireless router

A

Change the SSID

Change the administrator username and password

Select AES

Choose a secure passphrase for joining the network

Configure the clients to connect via WPA2

122
Q

What does disabling the SSID do?

A

It makes you less vulnerable to casual hackers, but doesn’t increase security in a meaningful way

123
Q

RADIUS

A

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service

Provides centralized authentication services on a network.

124
Q

How do you configure multiple access points in the same area?

A

Access point’s coverage should overlap its neighbor by 10% so users don’t lose their signal

Configure the WAPs with the same SSID

Each WAP should broadcast on a channel that does not overlap with it’s neighbor – channels should be 5 channels apart.

125
Q

WPS

A

WiFi Protected Setup

A tool for novice users to easily connect to a network by pushing a single button.

In 2011 a security flaw was discovered.

Now that feature is considered insecure.

126
Q

3 ways to improve security for a wireless router

A

Disable SSID broadcast

Wireless encryption

MAC filtering

127
Q

Describe each of the network:

A
128
Q

Host-based firewall

A

Usually a software application.

Firewall that protects a single host

129
Q

Network-based firewalls

A

A hardware appliance that protects an entire network or network segment.

130
Q

Default Deny

A

A default configuration for most firewalls that disallow all traffic unless explicitely allowed by an admin.

131
Q

ACL

A

Access Control List

Set of rules that determines which traffic gets through and which is blocked

132
Q

Port Triggering

A

Allowing traffic on a specific port past a firewall, into a network, after a client makes a request on that same port

133
Q
A

CompTIA A+ (13 decks)

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