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CompTIA A+ > Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Networking Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Why are stand-alone PCs inferior from networked PCs?

A

Small hard-drive capacities

To print you must have a printer attached locally

Sharing files with other PCs is difficult.

Electronic communication of any sort is impossible.

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2
Q

Network

A

Links two or more computers together to communicate and share resources.

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3
Q

LAN

A

Local Area Network

Connect computers in a single office or building.

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4
Q

WAN

A

Wide Area Network

Expands a LAN to include networks outside of the local environemtn. Allows users to distribute resources across long distances.

Often thought of as multiple, disbursed LANs, networked together.

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5
Q

PAN

A

Personal Area Network

Small-scalle network designed around a single person.

Usually referrs to networks that use Bluethooth to communicate, like a bluethooth earpiece and a phone.

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6
Q

MAN

A

Metropolitian Area Network

A network that spans a large geographic distance but is connected using LAN-style architecture, not a WAN.

Best to think of this in terms of its utility – The Googleplex or a large University campus can’t possibley operate with a single LAN. Multiple LANs are built up around the campus and connected to each other, creating a MAN.

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7
Q

The first PC LAN technology was called ____, introduced in the ’80s by Novell

A

ShareNet

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8
Q

The largest WAN in the world

A

The Internet

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9
Q

Bluetooth SIG

A

Bluetooth Special Interest Group

Consortium of companies that participate in developing Bluetooth standards to unit disparate tech industries to allow communication among different devices.

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10
Q

How did Bluetooth get its name?

A

Named for Harald Blatand (Harold Bluetooth in English) who united several factions in areas of Norway, Sweeden, and Denmark.

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11
Q

Membership of the Bluetooth SIG includes

A

Microsoft

Intel

Apple

IBM

Toshiba

and several cell phone manufactuerers

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12
Q

Technical Specification that describes a WPAN (wireless personal area network) based on Bluetooth

A

IEEE 802.15.1

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13
Q

A Bluetooth WPAN is _____ in nature, which makes it unique among other network architectures

A

Temporary and decentralized

You don’t need a central device to connect. Two devices that are close enough will start communicating.

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14
Q

Piconet

A

The dynamically created Bluetooth network created when two or more devices are within range of each other.

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15
Q

Maximum number of devices in a piconet

A

7

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16
Q

Scatternet

A

One or more devices connect two piconets.

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17
Q

Wireless hotspots, spread throughout a city but connected with the same network infrastructure is an example of a

A

MAN

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18
Q

What’s the primary difference between a WAN and a MAN?

A

It’s implied that WANs use publically available communication lines (Telephone network, fiber network of an ISP, etc) to connect.

MANs connect using communication lines owned by the same entity that owns the endpoints that are connected by those lines.

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19
Q

Three primary network components

A

Servers

Clients / Workstations

Resources

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20
Q

Dedicated Server

A

Assigned to provide specific applications or services for the network, and nothing else.

Specializes in a single task, like a file server or a print server.

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21
Q

Nondedicated Servers

A

Assigned to provide one or more network service and/or local access for a user.

Example: Direct network traffic, serve files, and serve as a front-end for the network administrator to manage the network.

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22
Q

Workstations

A

Computers on which network users do their work.

Everyday computers connected to a network that offers additional resources.

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23
Q

NIC

A

Network Interface Card

Expansion cad that allows the PC to connect to a network.

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24
Q

What differentiates a server from a workstation

A

While some would expect this to be hardware, form factor, and whether or not the equipment is rack-mounted, this boils down to:

What role it plays on the network

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25
Q

Network Resource

A

Any item that can be used on a network.

This can include printers, disk storage, file access, applications

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26
Q

NOS

A

Network Operating System

Controls the communication with resources and the flow of data across the network.

Examples: UNIX, Linux, and MS’s Windows Server

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27
Q

Peer-to-peer network

A

Computers act as both service providers and service reqeuestors with each other.

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28
Q

What companies would operate well with a peer-to-peer network?

A

Small businesses that expect to remain small, do not require a great deal of security.

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29
Q

Client-Server Resource Model

A

As opposed to peer-to-peer, a client/server model centralizes administrative control and functions from one or more dedicated servers

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30
Q

Name this network model.

A

Peer-to-peer

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31
Q

Name this network model:

A

Client / Server

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32
Q

Client/Server-based networks, where security is centrally administored, are known as ____

A

Domains

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33
Q

When you log into a domain, the login you use is sent to the ______ to determine what network resources to give you access to.

A

Domain Controller

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34
Q

How do peer-to-peer networks, which do not have domain controllers, determine who has access to what network resources?

A

On a peer-to-peer network, individual PCs on the network determine whether a user on a different workstation can access files on that PC.

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35
Q

Name the five primary network topologies

A

Bus

Star

Ring

Mesh

Hybrid

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36
Q

Name this topology:

A

Bus topology

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37
Q

Bus Topology

A

Simplest topology. Consists of a trunk cable that every workstation connects to.

Cheap - Requires little cabling

Easy to install

Diffiuclt to reconfigure (like adding a new workstation). A break in the bus disables the entire network.

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38
Q

Name this network topology:

A

Star Topology

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39
Q

Star Topology

A

All devices connect to a central hub/switch.

Easy to add/remove workstations

Fault tolerant - If a single workstation goes down, the entire network doesn’t go down.

More expensive to install - more cable and a central device is needed

Single Point of failure - The central hub goes, the entire network goes.

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40
Q

Name this network topology:

A

Ring topology

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41
Q

Describe the ring topology

A

Each computer connects to two other computers, joining them in a circle and creating a unidirection path where messages move from workstation to workstation.

Easy to install

Difficult to add new computers

The entire network will go down if a single workstation goes down.

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42
Q

Name this network topology:

A

Mesh Topology

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43
Q

Describe the mesh topology

A

Every device is connected to every other device.

Most complex physical design.

Every expensive to install and maintain

Highest fault tolerance.

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44
Q

Describe hybrid topology

A

A mix of one or more topologies.

Example: PCs connected to a central hub is a star topology.

Change the hub to a switch, which isolates each PC to its own collission domain, and now you have a star topology made up of many bus topologies.

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45
Q

OSI Model

A

A theoretical networking model

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46
Q

IEEE

A

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

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47
Q

The committee of the IEEE to create standards for types of networks.

A

802

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48
Q

802.2

A

Logical Link Control

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49
Q

802.3

A

CSMA/CD (Ethernet) LAN

Defines eithernet communication.

Also defines a collission detection protocol, preventing network hosts from all talking at the same time.

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50
Q

802.5

A

Token Ring LAN

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51
Q

802.6

A

MAN

52
Q

802.11

A

Wireless Networks

53
Q

MAC

A

Media Access Control

Sublayer of the data link layer of the OSI model.

Watches out for data collissions and manages MAC addresses.

54
Q

LLC

A

Logical Link Control

Sublayer of the data link layer of the OSI model

Manages data link communications

55
Q

CSMA/CD

A

Carrier Sense Multipel Access with Collision Detection

56
Q

Half-Duplex Communication

A

A NIC configured for half-duplex can only send or receive at one time, not both.

57
Q

Full-duplex communication

A

A NIC configured for full duplex communication can send and receive data at the same time.

58
Q

MAC Address

A

The unique hardware address of a NIC.

59
Q

Three main types of physical cabling used to connect devices to a network

A

Coaxial (coax)

Twiest-pair

fiber-optic

60
Q

Coaxial Cable

A

Contains a center conductor core made of copper, surrounded by a plastic jacket with a braided shield over it. The entire thing is covered with outer insulation made of teflon or plastic.

61
Q

Name that cable:

A

Coax

62
Q

PVC

A

Polyvinyl Chloride

Common plastic used to cover network cables.

Produces a poisonous gas with burned.

63
Q

Plenum-rated coating

A

Coating for cabling that doesn’t produce toxic gases when burned.

64
Q

Two popular standards for cabling when coax was used

A

RG-8

RG-58A/U

65
Q

RG-8

A

Thicknet

Maximum segment distance of 500 meters

Used for network backbones

66
Q

RG-58A/U

A

Thinnet

Maximum segment distance of 185 meters.

67
Q

RG rating for satellite / cable TV and cable modems

A

RG-6 and RG-59 are used for cable TV

RG-6 is also used for satellite and cable modems

68
Q

Ethernet implementation of RG-8

A

10Base5

This means it operates at 10Mbps

Is Baseband

And has a maximum cable segment of 500 meters

69
Q

Ethernet implementation of RG-58AU

A

10Base2

This mean it has a speed of 10Mbps

Is Baseband

And has a maximum cable segment of 185 meters

(Yes, that’s a 2 at the end of that., so you’d think it’s 200 meters. Its 185 meters. They round up to get the 2. It’s a thing.)

70
Q

Vampire Tap

A

The tool used to connect two ticknet cables together

71
Q

Name these connectors:

A

BNC Connectors (British Navel Connectors)

Used to connect thinnet cables.

72
Q

Name this connector:

A

F-connector

Used with cable TV

73
Q

What is the most popular type of cabling?

A

Twisted-Pair cabling

74
Q

Name this cabling:

A

Twisted Pair

75
Q

Twisted Pair Cabling

A

Consists of several pairs of wire twisted around each other within an insulated jacket.

76
Q

Two types of twisted pair cabling

A

STP (Shielded twisted pair)

UTP (unshielded twisted pair)

77
Q

What is the difference between STP and UTP?

A

STP has an extra layer of braided foil shielding surrounding the wires to decrease eletrical interference.

UTP has PVC or plenum-rated coating but no foild shield to protect it from interferenc.

78
Q

UTP comes in eight grades that offer different levels of performance. Name them.

A

Cat 1

Cat 2

Cat 3

Cat 4

Cat 5

Cat 5e

Cat 6

Cat 6a

79
Q

What is the maximum transmission distance of all UTP grades of cable?

A

100 meters

Except for CAT6, which can transfer data up to 100 meters but not at its maximum speed of 10Gbps.

80
Q

CAT 1

A

Two twiested pairs, making four wires

For voice-transmission only

81
Q

Cat 2

A

Four twisted pairs, making 8 wires

Can handle transmission speeds up to 4Mbps

82
Q

Cat 3

A

4 twisted pairs, 8 wires

Transits up to 10Mbps

83
Q

Cat 4

A

4 twisted pairs, 8 wires

Can transfer up to 16Mbps

84
Q

Cat 5

A

4 twisted pairs, 8 wires

Can transfer 100Mbps

85
Q

Cat 5e

A

4 twisted pairs, 8 wires

Can transmit up to 1Gbps.

Different from CAT5 in that the twisted pairs of wires are physically separated and contain more twists per foot, providing maximum interference protection

86
Q

Cat 6

A

4 twisted pairs, 8 wires

Can transfer up to 10Gbps, but only at reduced distances.

87
Q

Cat 6a

A

4 twisted pairs, 8 wires

Can transfer up to 10Gbps but at longer distances – the full 100 meters.

88
Q

Two connector types for UTP cabling

A

RJ-11 (phone)

RJ-45 (data)

89
Q

Two wiring standards to ensure that each ofthe 8 wires used in UTP fit into the right spots on the RJ-45 connector

A

568A

568B

90
Q

Fiber-Optic Cabling

A

Thin, flexible galss or plastic fiber surrounded by a rubberized outer coating.

Transmission speeds from 100Mbps to 10Gbps

Max distance of several miles.

Uses light instead of electric voltages to transmit data

Immune to electrical interference

91
Q

Name this cabling:

A

Fiber-Optic

92
Q

Two varieties of fiber-optic cabling

A

single-mode

multi-mode

93
Q

SMF

A

Single-mode fiber

Uses only a single mode of light to propagate through the fiber cable.

uses lasers that travel straight down the cable.

Supports higher bandwidth at longer distances

Up to 10Gbps for up to 40KM

94
Q

MMF

A

Multi-mode fiber

Can transmit up to 10Gbps for up to 550 mters.

Uses multiple modes (paths) of light to propagate simulataneously. – The light bounces off the cable walls, which causes the signal to weaken faster than SMF

95
Q

Three of the most common fiber-optic connectors

A

ST (Straight tip)

SC (Square Connector / subscriber connector)

LC (local connector)

96
Q

Name this fiber-optic connector:

A

ST (Straight Tip)

97
Q

Name this fiber-optic connector:

A

Subscriber Connector

98
Q

Name this fiber-optic connector:

A

LC (Local Connector)

99
Q

ST

A

Straight TIp Connector

Developed by AT&T

Most widely used fiber-toptic connector

100
Q

SC

A

Suscriber Connector

AKA Square Conector

Type of fiber-optic connector

101
Q

LC

A

Local Conector

Developed by Lucent Technologies

Type of fiber connector

Mini-form factor connector (MMF)

102
Q

Name this tool:

A

Crimper

103
Q

Crimper is used for

A

Putting connectors at the end of a cable.

104
Q

Name this tool:

A

Multimeter

105
Q

Multimeter is used for

A

Electronic measuring. Can measure voltage, current and resistance on a wire.

106
Q

Toner Probe is used for

A

Tracing a wire in a wall from one location to another.

Also known as ‘fox and hound’

107
Q

Name this tool:

A

Toner Probe

108
Q

Name this tool:

A

Loopback plug

109
Q

Cable Tester is used for

A

Testing network cables to ensure they work. Should tell you the type of cable and whether the twisted pairs line up to standard.

110
Q

Loopback Plug is used for

A

Testing the ability of a network adapter (NIC) to send and receive data.

Plugged into the NIC and then a loopback test is performed using troubleshooting software, which will tell you if the card is working properly or not.

111
Q

Name this tool:

A

Punch-down tool

112
Q

Punch-Down Tool is used for

A

Allows you to connect (punch down) the eposed ends of a wire into a wiring harness, like a 100 block, which is pictured below:

113
Q

Modem

A

Allows you to connect to a network or the Internet using plain old phone lines.

Fasted transfer rate was 56Kbps.

114
Q

Access Points

A

Commonly used to reference a wireless access point.

May also refer to any point that allows a user on to a network

115
Q

Hub

A

Deviced used to link several compuers together.

Not used anymore.

116
Q

Bridges

A

Use to divid network segments into multipel collission domains, which isolates traffic, preventing unwanted traffic from entering a segment when there are no recipients on that segment.

117
Q

Switch

A

Do what bridges do, but do so for as many devices as hubs connect.

Switches examine incoming packets and forward the traffic just to the recipient, instead of broadcasting it to all connected devices.

118
Q

Routers

A

Connect multiple networks. Determine the best path to send data when more than one path exists.

119
Q

NAS

A

Network attached storage.

Acts like a hard drive directly attached to the netork.

Act as a file server.

120
Q

Firewall

A

Hardware or software solution that serves as your network’s security gaurd.

The most important device on networks connected to the Internet.

121
Q

Firewalls can have up to three zones or sides. What are they?

A

Public (facing the Internet)

Private (Facing the network)

DMZ (Private, but not connected to the private network)

122
Q

DMZ

A

Demilitarized zone.

Intermediary network for hosting websites, email servers, etc.

For when you need to protect your servers from some types of traffic, but they must be open to other types that a private network would not normally be open to.

Also, allows you to segment servers that are more vulterable to attack (web servers) from your private network

123
Q

ACL

A

Access Control List

Set of rules that determines which traffic gets through a firewall and which traffic is blocked.

124
Q

VoIP

A

Voice over Internet Protocol

Delivers voice communications over the Internet

Allow users to send data, video and voice at the same time over the same Internet connection.

125
Q

Internet Appliance

A

Specialied hardware device that exists solely to connect to the Internet. Can be used for web browsing, email, etc. Intended to be lower-cost alternatives to laptop computers.

126
Q
A

CompTIA A+ (13 decks)

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