Chapter 8: Immune System

Question 1

where do immune cells come from?

Answer 1

bone marrow

Question 2

another name for white blood cells

Answer 2

leukocytes

Question 3

white blood cells include (5)

Answer 3

Question 4

innate immune system

Answer 4

non specific defenses that are always active

Question 5

non cellular innate immune defenses

Answer 5

skin
mucus
tears
saliva
stomach acid

Question 6

innate immune system cells (5)

Answer 6

macrophage
mast cell
granulocytes
dendritic cell
natural killer cell

Question 7

macrophages

Answer 7

phagocytize (eat) the pathogen
release cytokines if they need extra help

Question 8

cytokines

Answer 8

small proteins released by macrophages that signal other immune cells to activate

cytokines cause inflammation

Question 9

monocytes

Answer 9

float in the blood and differentiate into either macrophages or dendritic cells once in the target tissue

Question 10

neutrophil

Answer 10

also phagocytize pathogens

Question 11

eosinophils

Answer 11

release large amounts of histamine and cause inflammation

this resulsts in vasodilation allowing increased leakiness of the blood vessels and additional immune cells to move from blood to tissue

Question 12

basophils

Answer 12

release histamine in response to allergens and lead to inflammation

Question 13

mast cell

Answer 13

release histamine in response to allergens and lead to inflammation

Question 14

granulocytes include: (3)

Answer 14

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 15

granulocytes are involved in …

Answer 15

the inflammatory response

Question 16

dendritic cell

Answer 16

brings and presents antigens to the adaptive immune cells to activate them

Question 17

natural killer cell

Answer 17

destroy the body’s own cells that have become infected with the pathogen

Question 18

complement system

Answer 18

consists of many proteins that punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable

Question 19

adaptive immunity

Answer 19

take time to activate

target a specific invader

can retain memory about past invasions

Question 20

the adaptive immune system involves which types of cells

Answer 20

B-cells and T-cells

Question 21

B-cells and T-cells are what type of white blood cell?

Answer 21

lymphocytes

Question 22

where do T and B cells spend most of their time?

Answer 22

in lymph nodes

Question 23

humoral vs cell-mediated immunity

Answer 23

humoral: driven by B-cells
cell-mediated: driven by T-cells

??? check ???

Question 24

antigens

Answer 24

part of the pathogen that induces an immune response from the body

Question 25

each T cell has…

Answer 25

receptors that are specific to a particular antigen

Question 26

each B cell has…

Answer 26

antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen

Question 27

what are the type of T-cells?

Answer 27

helper T-cells
killer (cytotoxic) T-cells

Question 28

helper T-cells

Answer 28

help activate B cells to secrete antibodies
help activate macrophages to destroy ingested pathogens
help activate killer T-cells to kill infected cells

Question 29

cytotoxic T-cells

Answer 29

killer T-cells

kill cells that have been infected by pathogens

Question 30

cytotoxic T-cells kill virally infected cells in these 2 ways…

Answer 30

attach to the cell and spray it will proteins that will cause cell lysis
activate fas pathway (cell destroys itself via apoptosis)

Question 31

plasma cells

Answer 31

B-cells that have differentiated and are producing antibodies

Question 32

antibody structure

Answer 32

Y-shaped PROTEINS

the variable region matches the specific antigens

the fixed region is the same for all antibodies

Question 33

antibody functions

Answer 33

by attaching to the pathogen, it can prevent infection in many ways…

ex. stop the pathogen from being able to recognize its target cell to infect
ex. can cause clumping to slow the pathogen spread
other…

Question 34

MHC I vs MHC II