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Biology > AAMC Bio QPack Volume 1 > Flashcards

AAMC Bio QPack Volume 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

3 Na+ out
2 K+ in
1 ATP used

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2
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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3
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped into the system by the heart per unit time

= stroke volume x heart rate

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4
Q

blood pressure is primarily determined by which factors?

A

total peripheral resistance

cardiac output

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5
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of blood vessels

slows blood flow

raises blood pressure

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6
Q

hemorrhage

A

loss of blood from damaged blood vessel

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7
Q

sperm cell sections

A
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8
Q

histones

A

proteins that provide structural support for DNA

the DNA winds around 8 histones to create a nucleosome (?)

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9
Q

aldosterone

A

causes sodium and water to be reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate into the blood

causes potassium to be excreted from the blood into the urine

the increased volume of the blood raises blood pressure

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10
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

Mitosis -> production of daughter cells that are genetically ** identical ** to the original cell

Meiosis –> production of **unique ** gametes with half the number of chromosomes than the original cell

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11
Q

prokaryotes include:

A

bacteria and archaea

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12
Q

eukaryotes include:

A

animals, plants, and fungi

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13
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic DNA (shape)

A

prokaryotic: circular DNA
eularyotic: linear DNA

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14
Q

plant vs animal cells (boundary)

A

plant cells: cell wall & membrane
animal cells: memrane only

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15
Q

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic ribosomes

A

70s prokaryote ribosomes are smaller than the 80s eukaryote ribosomes

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16
Q

ATP synthase

A

catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

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17
Q

ALL living cells utilize —— as an energy source

A

ATP

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18
Q

colonization

A

the process by which a species spreads to new areas

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19
Q

bone resorption

A
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20
Q

osteoclasts

A
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21
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

a hormone that the parathyroid glands release to control calcium levels in your blood

also controls phosphorus and vitamin D levels

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22
Q

what defines a species

A

a group of organisms that can successfully breed and produce fertile offspring

23
Q

steps of menstruation

A

hypothalamus releases GTRH

anterior pituitary gland releases FSH and LH

FSH stimulates development of follicles

the developing follicles secrete estrogen

LH spike causes ovulation → egg is released into f tubes

the follicle that released the egg becomes the corpus luteum which releases progesterone + estrogen

24
Q

nucleoside vs nucleotide

A
25
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

A

the ectoderm

the mesoderm

the endoderm

26
Q

Describe the ectoderm.

A

the outermost primary germ layer

gives rise to:
- skin (epidermis) and skin related items (hair, nails, sweat glands, etc.)
- nervous sustem

27
Q

Describe the mesoderm.

A

the middle primary germ layer

develops into:
- muscles & bones (incl. heart)
- kidneys
- circulatory system
- lungs (epithelial layers)
- the gonads (testes and ovaries)
- dermis of skin

28
Q

Describe the endoderm.

A

the innermost primary germ layer

develops into:
- digestive system
- lungs (inner layers)
- the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary tracts, and liver

29
Q

eukaryotic DNA is…

linear vs circular

A

linear

30
Q

prokaryotic DNA is …

linear vs circular

A
31
Q

prokaryotes includes…

A

bacteria and archaea

32
Q

eukaryotic ribosome size

A

80S

33
Q

prokaryotic ribosome size

A

70S

34
Q

use multiplcation in genetics for…

A

independent events! both CAN occur regardless of if the other occurs or not

35
Q

use ADDITION in genetics for…

A

mutually exclusive events! only one of the options can occur… the occurence of one depends on whether or not the other occured

36
Q

where is glycogen made, stored, and broken down?

A

the LIVER

37
Q

where is most glycogen stored?

A

skeletal muscle and the liver

38
Q

progesterone function

A

maintains the endometrium (uterine lining) of the uterus

39
Q

progesterone source

A

secreted by the corpus luteum (in the ovaries) during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

40
Q

estrogen function

A

develops and maintains the female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics

inhibit bone resorption (breakdown bone tissue to release minerals)

also works to develop the endometrium of the uterus

41
Q

estrogen source

A

secreted by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle

42
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) function

A

stimulates follicle maturation in female ovaries

triggers spermatogenesis in male testes

43
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) function

A

stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum in females

stimulates testosterone synthesis in males

44
Q

prolactin function

A

stimulates milk production (in mammary glands) and secretion

45
Q

oxytocin function

A

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may also promote bonding behaviour

46
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

stimulates synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH

47
Q

steps of menstruation

A

hypothalamus releases GTRH

anterior pituitary gland releases FSH and LH

FSH stimulates development of follicles

the developing follicles secrete estrogen

LH spike causes ovulation → egg is released into f tubes

the follicle that released the egg becomes the corpus luteum which releases progesterone + estrogen

48
Q

do cold-blooded species always have cold blood?

A

Cold-blooded animals don’t necessarily have cold blood. It just means that the temperature of their blood changes with the temperature where they live.

49
Q

what does it mean for a species to be cold-blooded?

A

to have a body temperature that is not regulated by the body

body temperature ends up being close to that of the environment

50
Q

which species are cold-blooded?

A

all species except mammals and birds

51
Q

how do substances go from the glomerulus into bowmans capsule?

A

via hydrostatic pressure!

sufficient blood volume is need to create this pressure

52
Q

potency

A

A highly potent drug evokes a given response at low concentrations

A drug of lower potency evokes the same response only at higher concentrations

53
Q

triglyceride

A

an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids

Biology (11 decks)

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