AAMC Bio QPack Volume 1

Question 1

sodium potassium pump

Answer 1

3 Na+ out
2 K+ in
1 ATP used

Question 2

erythrocytes

Answer 2

red blood cells

Question 3

cardiac output

Answer 3

the amount of blood pumped into the system by the heart per unit time

= stroke volume x heart rate

Question 4

blood pressure is primarily determined by which factors?

Answer 4

total peripheral resistance

cardiac output

Question 5

vasoconstriction

Answer 5

the narrowing of blood vessels

slows blood flow

raises blood pressure

Question 6

hemorrhage

Answer 6

loss of blood from damaged blood vessel

Question 7

sperm cell sections

Answer 7

Question 8

histones

Answer 8

proteins that provide structural support for DNA

the DNA winds around 8 histones to create a nucleosome (?)

Question 9

aldosterone

Answer 9

causes sodium and water to be reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate into the blood

causes potassium to be excreted from the blood into the urine

the increased volume of the blood raises blood pressure

Question 10

mitosis vs meiosis

Answer 10

Mitosis -> production of daughter cells that are genetically ** identical ** to the original cell

Meiosis –> production of **unique ** gametes with half the number of chromosomes than the original cell

Question 11

prokaryotes include:

Answer 11

bacteria and archaea

Question 12

eukaryotes include:

Answer 12

animals, plants, and fungi

Question 13

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic DNA (shape)

Answer 13

prokaryotic: circular DNA
eularyotic: linear DNA

Question 14

plant vs animal cells (boundary)

Answer 14

plant cells: cell wall & membrane
animal cells: memrane only

Question 15

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 15

70s prokaryote ribosomes are smaller than the 80s eukaryote ribosomes

Question 16

ATP synthase

Answer 16

catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Question 17

ALL living cells utilize —— as an energy source

Answer 17

ATP

Question 18

colonization

Answer 18

the process by which a species spreads to new areas

Question 19

bone resorption

Question 20

osteoclasts

Question 21

parathyroid hormone

Answer 21

a hormone that the parathyroid glands release to control calcium levels in your blood

also controls phosphorus and vitamin D levels

Question 22

what defines a species

Answer 22

a group of organisms that can successfully breed and produce fertile offspring

Question 23

steps of menstruation

Answer 23

hypothalamus releases GTRH

anterior pituitary gland releases FSH and LH

FSH stimulates development of follicles

the developing follicles secrete estrogen

LH spike causes ovulation → egg is released into f tubes

the follicle that released the egg becomes the corpus luteum which releases progesterone + estrogen

Question 24

nucleoside vs nucleotide

Answer 24

Question 25

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

Answer 25

the ectoderm the mesoderm the endoderm

Question 26

Describe the ectoderm.

Answer 26

the _outermost_ primary germ layer gives rise to: - skin (epidermis) and skin related items (hair, nails, sweat glands, etc.) - nervous sustem

Question 27

Describe the mesoderm.

Answer 27

the _middle_ primary germ layer develops into: - muscles & bones (incl. heart) - kidneys - circulatory system - lungs (epithelial layers) - the gonads (testes and ovaries) - dermis of skin

Question 28

Describe the endoderm.

Answer 28

the _innermost_ primary germ layer develops into: - digestive system - lungs (inner layers) - the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary tracts, and liver

Question 29

eukaryotic DNA is... | linear vs circular

Answer 29

linear

Question 30

prokaryotic DNA is ... | linear vs circular

Question 31

prokaryotes includes...

Answer 31

bacteria and archaea

Question 32

eukaryotic ribosome size

Answer 32

80S

Question 33

prokaryotic ribosome size

Answer 33

70S

Question 34

use multiplcation in genetics for...

Answer 34

***independent events!*** both CAN occur regardless of if the other occurs or not

Question 35

use ADDITION in genetics for...

Answer 35

***mutually exclusive events!*** only one of the options can occur... the occurence of one depends on whether or not the other occured

Question 36

where is glycogen made, stored, and broken down?

Answer 36

the LIVER

Question 37

where is most glycogen stored?

Answer 37

skeletal muscle and the liver

Question 38

progesterone function

Answer 38

maintains the endometrium (uterine lining) of the uterus

Question 39

progesterone source

Answer 39

secreted by the **corpus luteum (in the ovaries)** during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

Question 40

estrogen function

Answer 40

develops and maintains the female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics inhibit bone resorption (breakdown bone tissue to release minerals) ## Footnote also works to develop the endometrium of the uterus

Question 41

**estrogen** source

Answer 41

secreted by the **ovaries** during the menstrual cycle

Question 42

**Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)** function

Answer 42

stimulates follicle maturation in female ovaries triggers spermatogenesis in male testes

Question 43

Luteinizing hormone (LH) function

Answer 43

stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum in females stimulates testosterone synthesis in males

Question 44

prolactin function

Answer 44

stimulates milk production (in mammary glands) and secretion

Question 45

**oxytocin** function

Answer 45

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may also promote bonding behaviour

Question 46

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Answer 46

stimulates synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH

Question 47

steps of menstruation

Answer 47

hypothalamus releases GTRH anterior pituitary gland releases FSH and LH FSH stimulates development of follicles the developing follicles secrete estrogen LH spike causes ovulation → egg is released into f tubes the follicle that released the egg becomes the corpus luteum which releases progesterone + estrogen

Question 48

do cold-blooded species always have cold blood?

Answer 48

Cold-blooded animals don't necessarily have cold blood. It just means that the temperature of their blood changes with the temperature where they live.

Question 49

what does it mean for a species to be cold-blooded?

Answer 49

to have a body temperature that is not regulated by the body body temperature ends up being close to that of the environment

Question 50

which species are cold-blooded?

Answer 50

all species except mammals and birds

Question 51

how do substances go from the glomerulus into bowmans capsule?

Answer 51

via hydrostatic pressure! | sufficient blood volume is need to create this pressure

Question 52

potency

Answer 52

A highly potent drug evokes a given response at low concentrations A drug of lower potency evokes the same response only at higher concentrations

Question 53

triglyceride

Answer 53

an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids