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Science > Chapter 8: Humans > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Humans Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Specialisation

A

The adaptation of a cell, tissue, organ or system to carry out a special job is called specialisation

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2
Q

Divisions of labour

A

The seperate jobs carried out by the different parts of an organism is called division of labour

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3
Q

9 Human systems

A
  1. Digestive system
  2. Circulatory system
  3. Respiratory system
  4. Reproductive system
  5. Musculoskeletal system
  6. Nervous system
  7. Endocrine system
  8. Excretory system
  9. Immune system
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4
Q

The are two types of digestion

A

Physical digestion

Chemical digestion

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5
Q

Physical digestion

A

Food is broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth, tongue and churing action of the muscles in the stomach.

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6
Q

Chemical system

A

Food is broken down into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes and other digestive juices, including acid, in the stomach.

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7
Q

The 5 stages in Nutrition

A
  1. Ingestion: The food is taken into the mouth
  2. Digestion: The food is broken down into simpler, absorbable molecules
  3. Absorption: The absorbable molecules are passed into the blood and carried to all of the cells of the body
  4. Assimilation: The food is used by the body for energy and to build new cells.
  5. Egestion: Undigested food material is released from the digestive system as faeces.
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8
Q

Mouth

A

Food is ingested through the mouth
The teeth physically digest food and the enzymes in saliva chemically digest it.
There are four types of teeth
Salivary glands secrete saliva onto the food in the mouth. Saliva helps soften the food. Salivary amylase is the enzyme that chemically digests starch to maltose in the mouth.
Food is swallowed and enters the oesophagus (food pipe)

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9
Q

Oesophagus

A

Food is moved through the oesophagus by the wavelike movement of muscles. This continues the physical digestion of food.

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10
Q

Stomach

A

The stomach is an expandable muscular bag that physically churns and temporarily stores food.
The stomach releases juices that continue the chemical digestion of food.
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach chemically digests food and kills bacteria.

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11
Q

Small intestine

A

Food from the stomach enters the small intestine
More enzymes complete the breakdown of food.
The small intestine is densely covered in villi. The villi provide an increased surface area to allow food to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Food does not travel through the pancreas. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes. These enzymes pass into the small intestine.

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13
Q

Liver

A

The liver is the largest internal organ in the body. It has many roles, including detoxifying alcohol and keeping to keep body temperatures at 37 degrees celcius.
Food does not pass through the liver. The liver produces bile. Bile passes into the small intestine, where it helps to digests fats.

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14
Q

Large intestine

A

Food from the small intestine enters the large intestine
The major role of the large intestine is to reabsorb water into the blood. It also prepares undigested food to be egested in the form of faeces

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15
Q

Rectum and anus

A

Faeces are temporarily stored in the rectum before egestion.

Faeces stimulate the rectum to contract and are passed out via the anus

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16
Q

The circulatory system has three main roles

A

Transport
Defence against disease
Homeostasis, including regulating body temperature

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17
Q

Blood

A

Blood is a tissue made up of plasma and three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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18
Q

Plasma

A

Is the liquid part of blood. It is mostly made of water
Plasma transports dissolved substances around the body, including oxygen, glucose, amino acids, hormones and anitbodies. It also carries wastes, such as carbon dioxide and urea.
Plasma carries heat around the body
It also carries the blood cells

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19
Q

Red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen to cells so that respiration can take place. They contain a red pigment called haemoglobin

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20
Q

White blood cells

A

Protect us from disease. They ‘eat’ harmful microorganisms or by producing anitbodies that kill them.

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21
Q

Platelets

A

Are tiny fragments of larger cells. They help the blood to clot. This helps to heal wounds, maintain blood pressure.

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22
Q

Learn the heat

A

Go do it!

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23
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart
Have thick walls to withstand the high pressure of blood pumped out of the heart.
The aorta is the major artery in the body. It branches out into a series of smaller arteries that deliver oxygenated blood and dissolved nutrients to all cells of the body.

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24
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart
Have thinner walls than arteries. The blood pressure in veins is lower than in arteries, so veins also have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
The venue cavae are the major veins. They carry deoxygenated blood, high in carbon dioxide, to the heart

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25
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels that link arteries and veins. There is a huge network of capillaries throughout the body.
The walls of capillaries are very thin so molecules can easily pass in and out of surrounding cells. The molecules exchanged include oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose waste and hormones

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26
Q

How the heart pumps blood

A
  1. Blood with little oxygen and a high concentration of carbon dioxide enters the right atrium through the venae cavae
  2. Blood is then pumped from the right atrium through a cuspid valve and into the right ventricle
  3. The right ventricle contracts and forces blood up and out through a semilunar valve. The blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary artery
  4. The pulmonary artery delivers deoxgenated blood to the lungs. At the lungs, carbon dioxide is lost from the blood and oxygen is taken into the blood (gaseous exchange). The blood is now full oxygenated.
  5. The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood back to the left atrium
  6. Blood is pumped from the left atrium through a cuspid valve and into the left ventricle.
  7. The left ventricle contracts and forces blood up and out through a semilunar valve. The blood leaves the heart through the aorta and is distribute to all cells of the body.
  8. Exchange of molecules in the blood occurs at the capillaries. Capillaries reunite to form veins, which collect into venaw cavae that return to the right atrium. This completes one entire cycle.
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27
Q

The respiratory system has three main roles

A
  1. To take in oxyegn from the atmosphere
  2. To give out carbon dioxide and water into the atmosphere
  3. To make sounds, such as speech
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28
Q

The parts of the respiratory system

A
  1. The mouth and nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchus
  6. Lungs
  7. Bronchioles
  8. Ribcage and intercostal muscles
  9. Diaphragm
29
Q

The parts of the Respiratory System:

Mouth and Nose

A

Air enters the respiratory system through either the mouth or nose
Air entering through the nose is warmed, moistened, cleaned and spread thinly over a very wide area.
The hair and mucus in the nose remove dust and microorganisms that may enter with air.

30
Q

The parts of the respiratory system:

Pharynx

A

This is commonly known as the throat

It is the common opening for the respiratory and digestive systems

31
Q

The parts of the Respiratory systems

Larynx

A

This is more commonly known as the voice box, as it plays a role in speech

32
Q

The parts of the respiratory system

Trachea

A

This is more commonly known as the windpipe.
The trachea is made from c-shaped rings of cartilage that keep it open.
It allows air to flow from the pharynx to the bronchus

33
Q

The parts of the respiratory system:

Bronchus

A

The trachea divides into two bronchi, one for each lung. This allows air to flow into and out of the lungs

34
Q

The parts of the respiratory system

Lungs

A

The lungs are two large, spongy, elastic organs located in the chest cavity
They can expand easily during inhalation and contract back to normal size during exhalation

35
Q

The parts of the respiratory system:

Bronchioles

A

Each bronchus divides into narrower and narrower tubes in the lung, called bronchioles

36
Q

The parts of the respiratory system

Ribcage and intercostal muscles

A

The rigcage is made up of 12 pairs of ribs, vertebrae, the sternum (breastbone) and the diaphragm.
The intercoastal muscles are located between the ribs.
The role of the ribcage and intercoastal muscles is inhalation and exhalation and also to protect the heart and lungs

37
Q

The parts of the respiration system

Diaphragm

A

This is a large sheet of muscle involved in inhalation and exhalation

38
Q

Alveoli

A

The lungs contain millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli.

39
Q

Alveoli and the Exchange of Gases

A

Oxygen moves from the alveoli to capillaries

Carbon dioxide moves from capillaries to the alveoli.

40
Q

Inhalation

A

Is the act of breathing in. The diaphragm and intercoastal muscles contract and the lungs expand

41
Q

Exhalation

A

Is the act of breathing out. The diaphragm and intercoastal muscles relax and the lungs return to their original volume

42
Q

Puberty

A

Is the time when the reproductive organs develop and other physical changes take place. These changes take place because of changing hormone levels

43
Q

Pubery in females

A

Growth spurts
Enlargement of breasts and widening of hips
Hair growth under arms and in pubic regions
Production of eggs and the menstrual cycle begins.

44
Q

Pubery in males

A 
Growth spurts 
Hair growth on face, chest, under arms and in pubic region.
Broadening of shoulders.
Enlarged larynx and deepening of voice
Production of sperm begins.
45
Q

The female reproductive system

A

Producing the egg (female gamete)
Recieving the sperm (male gamete)
Providing favourable conditions for the fertilisation, implantation and development of the embryo and foetus
Giving birth to the fully developed foetus

46
Q

Ovaries

A

Are the primary sexual organs in females. A female has two ovaries. After puberty, one of the ovaries produces an egg every 28 days on average. The release of an egg from the ovary is called ovulation. The ovaries also produces important hormones, including oestogen and progesterone

47
Q

The fallopian tube

A

The funnel-shaped opening of the fallopian tube captures the egg. Fertilisation of the egg by a sperm usually takes place in the fallopian tube. Following fertilisation, the embryo is carried to the uterus (womb)

48
Q

The uterus

A

The uterus is a hollow organ with a strong muscular wall. After puberty, the wall of the uterus periodically builds up with a dense network of blood capillaries, ready to receive an embryo

49
Q

The cervix

A

The cervix is the narrow entrance to the uterus. It allows sperm to enter the uterus on its way to the fallopian tube for fertilisation

50
Q

The vagina

A

The vagina is a muscular tube that receives the penis and semen during sexual intercourse. The sperm are deposited in the vagina. The vagina is also the passageway for menstuation and childbirth.

51
Q

The menstrual cycle

A

Is the repeating series of changes that take place in the female body to prepare it for pregnancy.

52
Q

Menopause

A

Signals the end of a females ability to reproduce and also the end of her menstrual cycle

53
Q

The male reproductive system

A

Production of sperm (male gamete)

Transfer of sperm to the vagina of the female.

54
Q

The testes

A

The testes are the primary sexual organs in males. A male has two testes, which produce sperm. The testes lie outside the body, within the scrotum, to ensure the temperature is slightly lower than body temperature. This is important for sperm production and development

55
Q

The epididymis

A

The epididymis is a coiled tube on the outside of each testis that stores sperm and allows them to mature fully. The sperm duct is a tube that transfers sperm, as part of the semen, from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation
The seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s gland produce fluids that nourish the sperm and allow them to swim. Together, these fluids and sperm make up semen

56
Q

The penis

A

The penis transfers semen into the vagina of the female during sexual intercourse. The penis is made up of spongy tissue that fills with blood and becomes erect.

57
Q

The urethra

A

The urethra passes through the penis. During ejaculation, semen is transferred through the urethra to the vagina of the female

58
Q

Fertilisation

A

Is the fusion of the male sperm and the female egg to form a zygote. It takes place in the females fallopian tube

59
Q

Pregnancy

A

In the fallopian tube, the zygote immediately starts to divide to produce a ball of identical cells called an embryo.
The embryo reaches the uterus approxiamately five days after fertilisation. It is embedded into the capillary-lined wall of the uterus. This process is known an implantation.

60
Q

When is the female considered to be pregamant

A

The female is considered to be pregnant when fertilisation is followed by the successful implantation of the embryo in the lined wall of the uterus. The embryo develope into a foetus.

61
Q

The placenta

A

The placenta is a temporary organ that allows materials to pass between the mother and the foetus. The umbilical cord links the placenta to the foetus

62
Q

The embryonic period

A

The embryo is surrounded by amniotic fluid within an amniotic sac. This sac provides a protective and temperature-stable environment.

63
Q

The foetal period

A

By the end of the eight week, the embryo is approxiamately 3cm long, nourished by the placenta. It is becoming recognisably human. From this point, the embryo is called a foetus.
The foetal period usually goes from week 9 to week 40.

64
Q

Birth

A

Labour
Delivery of the baby
Delivery of the placenta

65
Q

Labour

A

The muscles in the wall of the uterus begin to contract. These contractions become stronger, longer and more frequent. This causes the cervix to widen.

66
Q

Delivery of the baby

A

The baby passes, head first, from the uterus through the cervix and along the vagina and is born.
The umbilical cord is clamped and cut to close off blood vessels. The stump soon falls off, forming the ‘belly button’

67
Q

Delivery of the placenta

A

After delivery, the placenta detaches from the uterus and passes out of the body as the afterbirth

68
Q

Feeding

A

The production of breast milk is called lactation. For the first three days after birth, the mammary glands in a mothers breast milk produce colostrum - a yellowish, nutritious liquid rich in antibodies that protect the infant from infection.

69
Q

Contraception

A

Is the prevention of fertilisation or implantation.

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