Chapter 7: Plants

Question 1

All species have flowering plants have four organs

Answer 1

Root
Stem
Leaf
Flower

Question 2

A bud

Answer 2

A bud produces new growth. It can develop into a side branch, leaf or flower.

Question 3

The root

Answer 3

Anchors and supports the plants in the soil
Absorbs (takes in) water and minerals from the soil.
Some roots can store food and water. For example, carrots store food in the form of sugar.

Question 4

The stem

Answer 4

Supports or holds up the buds, leaves and flowers.
Carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and flowers.
Carries food from the leaves to the roots and other parts of the plant
Some stems store food and water. For example, potatoes store food in the form of starch

Question 5

The leaf

Answer 5

Produces food by photosynthesis
Some leaves store food. For example, grass for livestock; onion bulbs and cabbage for humans.
Allows the exchange of gases with the atmosphere
Assists with transport of water through the plant.
Provides protection. For example, the sap in leaves of aloe vera and the spines of holly leaves discourage herbivores from eathing them

Question 6

The flower

Answer 6

The role of the flower in plants is to allow sexual reproduction to take place.

Question 7

Transport in plants

Answer 7

Plants need water, minerals and food (starch and sugars) to grow and carry out their other processes. These substances are carried around a plant by a transport system.

Question 8

Transport tissue

Answer 8

Xylem
Phloem
They are foound together in vascular bundles.

Question 9

Xylem

Answer 9

Tissue transports water and minerals

Question 10

Phloem

Answer 10

Tissue transports food

Question 11

Transport of water and minerals in a plant

Answer 11

1. Water and minerals are taken in from the soil by the roots.
2. The water and minerals travel up the stem in the xylem tissue.
3. Water is delivered to the leaves for use in photosynthesis
4. Heat energy from the sun causes the water in the leaf to evaporate. This is known as transpiration

Question 12

Transpiratiom

Answer 12

The loss of water vapour from the surface of a plant is called transpiration

Question 13

Transport of food

Answer 13

1. Glucose is sugar made in the leaves during photosynthesis. Some of this glucose is used by the leaves
2. Some glucose is also stored in the stems and roots as starch. Sugars and starch are types of carbohydrates.
3. The glucose must be coverted into sucrose (another carbohydrate) before it can be carried to all the parts of the plant by the pholem tissue.

Question 14

Stomata

Answer 14

Are small pores on the underside of leaves through which gases and water pass out of the plant

Question 15

Exchanges of gases

Answer 15

The carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis is absorbed from the atmosphere through the stomata. The oxygen produced as a waste product exits through the stomata.
The oxygen needed for respiration enters the leaf through the stomata. The carbon dioxide produced as a waste product exits through the stomata

Question 16

Tropisms

Answer 16

The directional growth response of a plant to a stimulus is called a tropism

Question 17

Phototropism

Answer 17

Is the growth of a plant toward light. It allows it to get as much light as possible for photosynthesis

Question 18

Geotropism

Answer 18

Is the growth of a plant in response to the force of gravity. The roots grow downwards to access water and minerals nutrients from the soil. The shoots grow away from the force of gravity.

Question 19

The are two forms of reproduction

Answer 19

Asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction

Question 20

Asexual reproduction

Answer 20

Only one parent is involved
No gametes are produced and no fertilisation takes place.
New individuals are clones that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent plant.
This can happen naturally or artificially

Question 21

Runner

Answer 21

A stem that connects the parent plant with the new plant

Question 22

Bulbs

Answer 22

Is a short stem with fleshy leaves and buds

Question 23

Vegetative propagation

Answer 23

The artificial control of asexual reproduction in plants is called vegetative propagation

Question 24

Sexual reproduction

Answer 24

Male and female flower pats are involved
Each parent produces sex cells called gametes
The gametes fuse during fertilisation to produce a zygote. The zygote then divides and develops into a seed
The offspring produced are genetically different to each other and the parents
In certain flowering plants, a fruit may form around the seed. The seed acts as a food
store and the fruit helps to disperse seeds.
Sexual reproduction gives plants a better chance to adapt to its environment. The best advanced offspring will survive and reproduce.

Question 25

The male sex organ of a flower

Answer 25

Stamens

Question 26

The female sex organ in a flower

Answer 26

Carpel

Question 27

The stamens are made up of two parts

Answer 27

The anther

The filament

Question 28

The anther

Answer 28

Produces pollen. The pollen produces the male gamete (sperm). The anther also relases pollen grains.

Question 29

The filament

Answer 29

The filament is a stalk that positions that anther so the pollen can be blown away by the wind or picked up by an insect.

Question 30

The stigma

Answer 30

Acts as a landing area for pollen

Question 31

The style

Answer 31

Is a stalk that positions the stigma for pollen collection

Question 32

The ovary

Answer 32

The ovary contains ovules, which produces the female gamete (egg). It is also where fertilisation takes place. After fertilisation, the ovary develops into the fruit.

Question 33

The carpel is made up of three parts

Answer 33

The stigma
The style
The ovary

Question 34

The stages of sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Answer 34

1. Pollination
2. Fertilisation
3. Seed (and fruit) formation
4. Seed (and fruit) dispersal
5. Germination

Question 35

Pollination

Answer 35

For fertilisation to take place, the male gamete in the pollen must get to the female gamete in the ovary.
The transfer of pollen from the stamen to the carpel is called pollonation.
Pollination can be carried out by the wind, by insects or by other animals.

Question 36

Feetilisation

Answer 36

1. If a pollen grain of the same species land on the stigma, a pollen tube grows.
2. The pollen tube delivers the male sperm to the female egg in the ovule of the ovary.
3. The sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote.
4. The zygote divides and develops into the plant embryo

Question 37

The embryo is made up of two parts

Answer 37

Plumule

Radicle

Question 38

Plumule

Answer 38

Will become the plant shoot

Question 39

The radicle

Answer 39

Will become the plant root

Question 40

Seed and fruit formation

Answer 40

1. The embryo becomes part of the seed
2. A seed is made up of the embryo, food store and a seed coat.
3. After the formation of the seed, the ovary may develop into a fruit. The fruit surrounds the seed and attracts animals that are looking for food

Question 41

Seed and fruit dispersal

Animal dispersal

Answer 41

Animal dispersal: animals eat fleshy fruits and pass the seed out in their faeces. Some plants produce hooked seed or fruits that stick to animal fur and are dispersed as the animal moves around. For example, cattle disperse the seeds of the burdock thistle.

Question 42

Seed an fruit dispersal

Wind dispersal

Answer 42

Seeds that can be carried by the wind are often small and light. Other plants have special features to help their seeds carry further. For example, dandelions produce a parachute-type fruit and sycamores produce a winged-type fruit

Question 43

Seed and fruit dispersal

Water dispersal

Answer 43

Plants that live in or near water, such as the water lily, produce seeds that float and are carried downstream by the current. Coconuts are also fruits that are dispersed by water

Question 44

Seeds and fruit dispersal

Self dispersal

Answer 44

Sometimes called explosive seed dispersal. For example, peas are scattered by exploding pea pods after the fruit dries out.

Question 45

Germination

Answer 45

Is the growth of a seed to form a new plant

Question 46

The conditions for Germination

Answer 46

Water
Oxygen
A suitable temperature

Question 47

Germination

Answer 47

1. The seed coat splits and the radicle grows out and downwards into soil. The radicle will develop into the root.
2. Then the plumule emerges and grows upwards, which will develop into the shoot system.
3. Initially, the seed relies on its food store but once the shoot system breaks ground, the seeding can start to photosynthesise. The seedling is now independent and will continue to grow.