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History Britain: Health and the People > Chapter 8 Further impact of Germ Theory in Britain > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Further impact of Germ Theory in Britain Flashcards

Focusing on numbers

1
Q

When did Louis Pasteur publish his Germ Theory?

A

1861

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2
Q

Why did many doctors still not realise that germs could harm humans?

A

Pasteur hadn’t been able to link his Germ Theory to humans

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3
Q

Which country did Robert Koch come from?

A

Germany

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4
Q

When was Robert Koch born?

A

1843

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5
Q

When did Robert Koch die?

A

1910

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6
Q

Who did Robert Koch study under?

A

Professor Frederick Henle

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7
Q

What did Koch do in the Franco-Prussian War?

A

He worked as a surgeon

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8
Q

When was Koch German Medical Officer (position)?

A

1872 - 1880

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9
Q

Where was Koch appointed to?

A

Imperial German Health Bureau

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10
Q

What did Koch pioneer?

A

Microbiology

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11
Q

What is Koch known as?

A

The founder of modern bacteriology

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12
Q

What are some diseases Koch identified the bacteria of?

A

Anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis

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13
Q

When was Koch awarded the Nobel Prize?

A

1905

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14
Q

When did Koch first become famous and why?

A

1876 for his work on anthrax microbes. Koch proved a particular bacterium was responsible for anthrax

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15
Q

What was the relationship between Pasteur and Koch?

A

They saw each other as rivals and competed to make scientific discoveries for their respective countries (France and Germany)

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16
Q

What did Koch state that needed to happen to prove a specific bacterium caused a specific disease?

A

The bacterium had to be present in successive experimental animals infected with the disease

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17
Q

What did Koch develop which helped microbes grow?

A

Koch developed a technique of growing microbes on a plate of solidified agar (a seaweed extract), which encourages microbes to grow

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18
Q

What did Koch do to identify specific microbes among other germs?

A

Koch found ways of using dyes to stain specific microbes under a microscope, so they stood out among other germs

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19
Q

What did Koch develop which helped scientists study microbes and identify them?

A

Koch developed ways of photographing microbes

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20
Q

What was Robert Koch’s laboratory method of identifying disease-causing microbes?

A
  1. Bacteria are taken from a dead animal
    2a. The bacteria are grown in a pure culture
    2b. The bacteria are identified
  2. The bacteria are injected into a healthy animal
  3. The disease affects the second animal. Bacteria are taken from this animal
    5a. Disease-causing bacteria from the second animal are grown in a pure culture
    5b. Identical bacteria are identified compared to 2b
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21
Q

Which diseases had the germs responsible for them identified in the decades after Koch’s 1876 Anthrax germ identification?

A

Typhoid, pneumonia, meningitis, plague and tetanus

22
Q

When did Emanuel Klein mistakenly announce he had identified the typhoid bacterium?

A

1874

23
Q

When did Germ Theory start to win acceptance (broad period)?

A

Mid-1870s

24
Q

When were many British germ studies published using microscope evidence which answered questions?

A

Between 1873 and 1875

25
Q

Who published a paper describing the life cycle of microbes and when?

A

William Dallinger and John Drysdale in 1874

26
Q

Who lectured to British doctors about Koch’s anthrax discoveries and when?

A

John Tyndall in 1876

27
Q

Which two doctors made crucial contributions, ultimately convincing people of Germ Theory?

I’m not sure if this includes ordinary people with no medical knowledge.

A

Manchester doctor William Roberts and Joseph Lister’s deputy surgeon William Cheyne

28
Q

What did William Roberts do?

A

Roberts developed a doctor’s version of the Germ Theory of disease, linked all the laboratory research with practical evidence, used the work of Koch to draw attention to the role of germs in human infections

29
Q

What did William Cheyne do and when?

A

In 1879 Cheyne translated Koch’s work into English. He also wrote a paper based on Koch’s findings, explaining that some microbes present in healthy tissue and wounds did not produce disease

30
Q

When had doctors accepted Germ Theory and its role in explaining infection (broad)?

A

1880s

31
Q

When did multiple scientific breakthroughs occur?

A

1880s and 1890s

32
Q

How did war contribute to medical research and when?

A

France lost the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, increasing the rivalry between Pasteur (French) and Koch (German). Nations were interested in medical research as armies could lose more men to illness than bullets

33
Q

What were some awards Pasteur and Koch were awarded and when were they given these?

A

Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1905 and Pasteur was awarded the Copley Medal in 1874

34
Q

What two hardships did Louis Pasteur face in the 1860s?

A

He suffered a stroke and lost his daughter to typhoid

35
Q

When did Pasteur continue to investigate agricultural issues, study beer fermentation and defend his ideas about Germ Theory?

A

1871 - 1875

36
Q

When did Pasteur and his team develop vaccines for two animal diseases and what were they?

A

Cholera and anthrax, 1876 - 1881

37
Q

What pushed Pasteur and his team to develop vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax quickly?

A

Koch successfully identifying the anthrax germ in 1876

38
Q

When did Koch identify the tuberculosis germ?

A

1882

39
Q

When did Koch’s team beat a French team in identifying the cholera germ?

A

1883

40
Q

How many people did TB kill a year in Britain in the 1870s?

A

Over 50,000

41
Q

What was the largest cause of adult death in Western Europe?

A

Tuberculosis

42
Q

What accident happened which caused the development of a chicken cholera vaccine and when?

A

In 1879, Charles Chamberland accidentally used an old and weakened sample when injecting chickens with microbes of the disease. These chickens survived after being injected with fresh germs as well, resulting in the development of a vaccine

43
Q

When did Pasteur demonstrate his anthrax vaccine and in front of whom?

A

In front of politicians, farmers and journalists in France in May 1881

44
Q

When did Pasteur, working with Charles Chamberland and Pierre Roux develop a vaccine for rabies (period)?

A

1880 - 1884

45
Q

When did Pasteur give a boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog the rabies vaccine, proving vaccines worked on human as well as animal diseases?

A

1885

46
Q

During which period did the Pasteur-Koch rivalry continue over diphtheria research?

A

1888 - 1890

47
Q

When did Emil Behring show that weakened diphtheria germs could be used to produce an antitoxin to the toxin diphtheria germs produced?

A

1890

48
Q

Who developed the first chemical cure for a disease, when and how?

A

Paul Ehrlich in 1909 found that the chemical Salvarsan 606 cured syphilis

49
Q

Joseph Lister introduced the French serum for diphtheria to Britain. After which year was it widely used in Britain?

A

1895

50
Q

What happened to the mortality rate in England after Joseph Lister introduced the French serum for diphtheria?

A

Within 10 years, the mortality rate dropped to less than half

History Britain: Health and the People (6 decks)

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