Chapter 8 Further impact of Germ Theory in Britain Flashcards
Focusing on numbers
When did Louis Pasteur publish his Germ Theory?
1861
Why did many doctors still not realise that germs could harm humans?
Pasteur hadn’t been able to link his Germ Theory to humans
Which country did Robert Koch come from?
Germany
When was Robert Koch born?
1843
When did Robert Koch die?
1910
Who did Robert Koch study under?
Professor Frederick Henle
What did Koch do in the Franco-Prussian War?
He worked as a surgeon
When was Koch German Medical Officer (position)?
1872 - 1880
Where was Koch appointed to?
Imperial German Health Bureau
What did Koch pioneer?
Microbiology
What is Koch known as?
The founder of modern bacteriology
What are some diseases Koch identified the bacteria of?
Anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis
When was Koch awarded the Nobel Prize?
1905
When did Koch first become famous and why?
1876 for his work on anthrax microbes. Koch proved a particular bacterium was responsible for anthrax
What was the relationship between Pasteur and Koch?
They saw each other as rivals and competed to make scientific discoveries for their respective countries (France and Germany)
What did Koch state that needed to happen to prove a specific bacterium caused a specific disease?
The bacterium had to be present in successive experimental animals infected with the disease
What did Koch develop which helped microbes grow?
Koch developed a technique of growing microbes on a plate of solidified agar (a seaweed extract), which encourages microbes to grow
What did Koch do to identify specific microbes among other germs?
Koch found ways of using dyes to stain specific microbes under a microscope, so they stood out among other germs
What did Koch develop which helped scientists study microbes and identify them?
Koch developed ways of photographing microbes
What was Robert Koch’s laboratory method of identifying disease-causing microbes?
- Bacteria are taken from a dead animal
2a. The bacteria are grown in a pure culture
2b. The bacteria are identified - The bacteria are injected into a healthy animal
- The disease affects the second animal. Bacteria are taken from this animal
5a. Disease-causing bacteria from the second animal are grown in a pure culture
5b. Identical bacteria are identified compared to 2b
Which diseases had the germs responsible for them identified in the decades after Koch’s 1876 Anthrax germ identification?
Typhoid, pneumonia, meningitis, plague and tetanus
When did Emanuel Klein mistakenly announce he had identified the typhoid bacterium?
1874
When did Germ Theory start to win acceptance (broad period)?
Mid-1870s
When were many British germ studies published using microscope evidence which answered questions?
Between 1873 and 1875
Who published a paper describing the life cycle of microbes and when?
William Dallinger and John Drysdale in 1874
Who lectured to British doctors about Koch’s anthrax discoveries and when?
John Tyndall in 1876
Which two doctors made crucial contributions, ultimately convincing people of Germ Theory?
I’m not sure if this includes ordinary people with no medical knowledge.
Manchester doctor William Roberts and Joseph Lister’s deputy surgeon William Cheyne
What did William Roberts do?
Roberts developed a doctor’s version of the Germ Theory of disease, linked all the laboratory research with practical evidence, used the work of Koch to draw attention to the role of germs in human infections
What did William Cheyne do and when?
In 1879 Cheyne translated Koch’s work into English. He also wrote a paper based on Koch’s findings, explaining that some microbes present in healthy tissue and wounds did not produce disease
When had doctors accepted Germ Theory and its role in explaining infection (broad)?
1880s
When did multiple scientific breakthroughs occur?
1880s and 1890s
How did war contribute to medical research and when?
France lost the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, increasing the rivalry between Pasteur (French) and Koch (German). Nations were interested in medical research as armies could lose more men to illness than bullets
What were some awards Pasteur and Koch were awarded and when were they given these?
Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1905 and Pasteur was awarded the Copley Medal in 1874
What two hardships did Louis Pasteur face in the 1860s?
He suffered a stroke and lost his daughter to typhoid
When did Pasteur continue to investigate agricultural issues, study beer fermentation and defend his ideas about Germ Theory?
1871 - 1875
When did Pasteur and his team develop vaccines for two animal diseases and what were they?
Cholera and anthrax, 1876 - 1881
What pushed Pasteur and his team to develop vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax quickly?
Koch successfully identifying the anthrax germ in 1876
When did Koch identify the tuberculosis germ?
1882
When did Koch’s team beat a French team in identifying the cholera germ?
1883
How many people did TB kill a year in Britain in the 1870s?
Over 50,000
What was the largest cause of adult death in Western Europe?
Tuberculosis
What accident happened which caused the development of a chicken cholera vaccine and when?
In 1879, Charles Chamberland accidentally used an old and weakened sample when injecting chickens with microbes of the disease. These chickens survived after being injected with fresh germs as well, resulting in the development of a vaccine
When did Pasteur demonstrate his anthrax vaccine and in front of whom?
In front of politicians, farmers and journalists in France in May 1881
When did Pasteur, working with Charles Chamberland and Pierre Roux develop a vaccine for rabies (period)?
1880 - 1884
When did Pasteur give a boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog the rabies vaccine, proving vaccines worked on human as well as animal diseases?
1885
During which period did the Pasteur-Koch rivalry continue over diphtheria research?
1888 - 1890
When did Emil Behring show that weakened diphtheria germs could be used to produce an antitoxin to the toxin diphtheria germs produced?
1890
Who developed the first chemical cure for a disease, when and how?
Paul Ehrlich in 1909 found that the chemical Salvarsan 606 cured syphilis
Joseph Lister introduced the French serum for diphtheria to Britain. After which year was it widely used in Britain?
1895
What happened to the mortality rate in England after Joseph Lister introduced the French serum for diphtheria?
Within 10 years, the mortality rate dropped to less than half
