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History Britain: Health and the People > Chapter 12 Modern public health > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Modern public health Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the Boer War occur?

A

1899 - 1902

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2
Q

In which region of the world did the Boer War occur?

A

Southern Africa

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3
Q

During the Boer War, what percentage of men who volunteered for the army were unfit to be soldiers?

A

40%

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4
Q

In some big British cities during the Boer War, what percentage of men were unfit to be soldiers?

A

90%

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5
Q

What did the government do after the realisation that many men were unfit to be soldiers in the Boer War?

A

It set up a special committee to inquire into the “Physical Deterioration of the People”

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6
Q

When did the special committee to look into the deterioration of the people release its report?

A

1904

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7
Q

According to the 1904 report by the special committee, what was a major cause many men were failing to enter the army?

A

They led unhealthy lives

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8
Q

Who fought against each other in the Boer War?

A

The British and the Boers

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9
Q

Who were the Boers?

A

Descendants of Dutch settlers in Africa

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10
Q

What were some special investigations into the lives of the poor in Britain?

A

“Life and Labour of the People in London”; “Poverty: A Study of Town Life”

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11
Q

Who wrote “Life and Labour of the People in London”?

A

Charles Booth

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12
Q

What did “Life and Labour of the People in London” find out about poverty?

A

Around 30% of Londoners were so poor they didn’t eat properly, despite having full-time jobs

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13
Q

Who wrote “Poverty: A Study of Town Life”?

A

Seebohm Rowntree

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14
Q

When was “Poverty: A Study of Town Life” published?

A

1901

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15
Q

What did “Poverty: A Study of Town Life” find out about poverty?

A

In York, 28% of the population didn’t have the minimum amount of money to live on at some time of their life

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16
Q

How did Germany contribute to fears over the bad state of Britain’s workers?

A

Germany had a good system of state welfare for workers and was beginning to produce as much coal, iron and steel as Britain

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17
Q

What was a nation-related fear caused by the bad state of Britain’s workers?

A

Some people feared that the bad state of Britain’s workers could lead to the decline of the country as a great industrial power

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18
Q

How did changing attitudes contribute to the Liberal social reforms?

A

By the very late 1800s and early 1900s, more people were beginning to feel that the government should take care of those who couldn’t care for themselves.

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19
Q

Who were some Liberal Party politicians who believed direct government action was the way to improve the public health, welfare and productivity of the nation?

A

Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George

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20
Q

When was the Labour Party founded?

A

1900

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21
Q

Which party won the 1906 general election?

A

Liberal Party

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22
Q

Overall, what factors contributed to the Liberal social reforms?

A

Reports about poverty, the Boer War, changing attitudes, fears for Britain’s industrial power status

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23
Q

When was the School Meals Act passed?

A

1906

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24
Q

What did the School Meals Act do?

A

It allowed local councils to provide school meals, poor children getting a free meal

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25
Q

By 1914, how many children were having a free school meal every day?

A

Over 158,000

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26
Q

When Bradford introduced free school meals, what did research show about the heights of poor and rich children?

A

Research showed that a poor child, on average, was 9 cm shorter than a rich one

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27
Q

When did the government tell all councils that they should have a school medical service?

A

1907

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28
Q

When doctors from the school medical service examined children but many parents couldn’t afford treatment, what did the government do?

A

The government paid for school clinics to be set up with free treatment

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29
Q

When was the Children and Young Person’s Act passed?

A

1908

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30
Q

What was the Children and Young Person’s Act nicknamed?

A

“The Children’s Charter”

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31
Q

What did it mean when the Children and Young Person’s Act made children into “protected persons”?

A

The Act made it illegal for parents to neglect their children or be cruel to them

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32
Q

What did the Children and Young Person’s Act do regarding inspectors?

A

The Act stated inspectors were to regularly visit any children who had been neglected in the past

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33
Q

What did the Children and Young Person’s Act do regarding children’s homes?

A

The Act stated children’s homes were to be regularly inspected

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34
Q

What did the Children and Young Person’s Act do regarding young criminals?

A

The Act stated youth courts and young offenders’ homes were to be set up to keep young criminals away from older ones

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35
Q

What did the Children and Young Person’s Act do regarding children and pubs?

A

The Act stated children under 14 were not allowed into pubs

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36
Q

What did the Children and Young Person’s Act do regarding young people and cigarettes?

A

The Act stated shopkeepers could not sell cigarettes to anyone under 16

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37
Q

What happened relating to young women’s health from 1907?

A

From 1907, special schools were set up to teach young women about the benefits of breastfeeding, hygiene and childcare

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38
Q

What did the National Insurance Act do?

A

The Act introduced unemployment benefit (“the dole”), free medical treatment and sickness pay

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39
Q

What occurred during the Liberal social reforms regarding pensions?

A

Old Age Pensions were introduced

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40
Q

What occurred during the Liberal social reforms regarding jobs?

A

Britain’s first job centres were built

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41
Q

Following the Liberal social reforms, what occurred regarding back-to-back housing?

A

The building of back-to-back housing was banned

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42
Q

When was it mandatory for local councils to provide health visitors, clinics for pregnant women and day nurseries?

A

1918

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43
Q

When did councils begin to build new houses for poorer families?

A

1919

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44
Q

By what year had a large slum clearance programme begun?

A

1930

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45
Q

When was the National Health Service (NHS) established?

A

1948

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46
Q

In the modern world, how does the NHS help with healthcare before a baby is born?

A

Pregnant women will get free treatment and advice at antenatal clinics

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47
Q

How does the NHS help healthcare in regards to hospitals and nurses?

A

All hospital care and nursing is free

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48
Q

How does a baby receive help with healthcare immediately after it is born in today’s world?

A

The baby receives cheap milk, food and vitamins if needed

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49
Q

How is a child given help related to school in today’s world?

A

The child receives a free education and cheap, or free, school meals

50
Q

How is a child given help in relation to their teeth or eye in today’s world?

A

The child is given cheap, (or free) dental treatment and eye care

51
Q

How are children with special needs given help in today’s world?

A

If a child had a need requiring a special school, for example if they are blind or deaf, this costs the parents nothing

52
Q

What is the infant mortality rate (explanation)?

A

The number of babies that die before they are 1 year old for every 1000 babies that are born

53
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1840?

A

150

54
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1850?

A

158

55
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1860?

A

152

56
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1870?

A

160

57
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1880?

A

140

58
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1890?

A

152

59
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1900?

A

163

60
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1910?

A

110

61
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1920?

A

80

62
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1930?

A

60

63
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1940?

A

55

64
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1950?

A

25

65
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1960?

A

20

66
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1970?

A

17

67
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1980?

A

15

68
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 1990?

A

6

69
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 2000?

A

5

70
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Britain in 2010?

A

4

71
Q

When did the government launch a campaign to get all children immunised against diphtheria?

A

1940

72
Q

What is the welfare state?

A

The system by which the government helps those in need

73
Q

Who does the welfare state mainly help?

A

The old, the sick, the unemployed and children

74
Q

What is another name for the welfare state?

A

“Social security”

75
Q

What does the welfare state in Britain do?

A

It ensures nobody goes without any basic need simply because they can’t afford it

76
Q

What are ways the welfare state helps children?

A

It provides clinics; cheap (or free) milk and foods and school dinners; education; free dental care and spectacles

77
Q

What are ways the welfare state helps adults and their families?

A

Free doctors and hospitals; cheap medicines; family allowances; sick pay; unemployment pay or dole; training; pensions for those unable to work; money for those on very small or no incomes; maternity grants

78
Q

What are ways the welfare state helps elderly people?

A

Retirement pensions; care homes; home help; meals at home

79
Q

What is a way the welfare state helps people even after an individuals has died?

A

Financial help with funeral costs

80
Q

Where did the most desperate people in absolute poverty end up in Britain before the 20th century?

A

Workhouses

80
Q

How did vulnerable people get help before the 20th century in Britain?

A

They got help from charity organisations or their local church

81
Q

What was a workhouse?

A

A large, cold building where people had to work for their food and accommodation

82
Q

How did the two world wars contribute to the formation of Britain’s welfare state?

A

People thought the suffering felt abroad and at home meant the future should be much better for them, including an improved healthcare system

83
Q

How did the evacuation of children from the cities during the Second World War contribute to the formation of Britain’s welfare state?

A

Many middle-class individuals had been shocked by the state of some of the dirty, undernourished children and felt they should have a better future after the war.

84
Q

Who wrote the Beveridge Report?

A

Sir William Beveridge

85
Q

When was the Beveridge Report published?

A

1942

86
Q

The Beveridge Report stated people throughout the country had a right to be free of what “five giants” that could ruin their lives?

A

Disease, want (need), ignorance, idleness, squalor (very poor living conditions)

87
Q

How many copies did the Beveridge Report sell in its first month of publication?

A

Over 100,000

88
Q

What phrase did the Beveridge Report use when describing how the government should help people?

A

The report said that the government should “take charge of social security from the cradle to the grave”

89
Q

When was Sir William Beveridge born and when did he die?

A

Beveridge was born in 1879 and died in 1963

90
Q

What was a major reason the Labour Party won the election after World War II despite Winston Churchill, the leader of the Conservative Party, leading the nation through war?

A

The Labour Party promised to follow Beveridge’s advice while the Conservative Party, led by Winston Churchill, refused to make such a promise

91
Q

Who led the post-WWII labour government?

A

Clement Attlee

92
Q

What did the National Health Service (NHS) do?

A

It made all medical treatment - doctors, hospitals, ambulances, dentists and opticians, free to all who wanted it

93
Q

What did the post-WWII government do to help families?

A

A weekly family allowance payment was introduced to help with childcare costs

94
Q

What did the post-WWII government do to help the poor?

A

The very poor received financial help or “benefits”

95
Q

What did the post-WWII government do to improve the education system?

A

The school leaving age was raised to 15 and more free university places were created

96
Q

What did the post-WWII government do to improve housing?

A

The government’s programme of “slum clearance” continued and new homes were built

97
Q

By 1948, how many council homes were being built each year?

A

280,000

98
Q

Why was the NHS scheme originally opposed by doctors?

A

As doctors wouldn’t be able to charge what they wanted for their services, many believed their income would decrease

99
Q

In a survey of around 45,000 doctors, how many didn’t want a National Health Service?

A

Nearly 41,000

100
Q

Who was the Minister of Health of Clement Attlee’s government?

A

Aneurin Bevan

101
Q

How did Aneurin Bevan win over doctors to the idea of a National Health Service?

A

He promised them a salary and promised they would be allowed to treat private patients as well

102
Q

Up until 1948, how many people had never seen a doctor because they couldn’t afford to?

A

Around 8 million people

103
Q

How likely are women to consult a doctor compared to men now?

A

Women are now 4 times more likely to consult a doctor than men

104
Q

How has life expectancy risen for women since 1948?

A

Life expectancy for women has risen from 66 to 83 since 1948

105
Q

How has life expectancy risen for men since 1948?

A

Life expectancy for men has risen from 64 to 79 since 1948

106
Q

Where was the life expectancy for newborn baby boys highest in the UK in 2014 and what was it?

A

Wealthy London areas of Kensington and Chelsea (83.3 years)

107
Q

Where was the life expectancy for newborn baby boys lowest in the UK in 2014 and what was it?

A

Blackpool (74.7 years)

108
Q

What is a likely reason life expectancy is less in Blackpool that Kensington and Chelsea?

A

Blackpool has far less wealth than Kensington and Chelsea

109
Q

How was the NHS funded by workers who received its services?

A

All workers had to pay for NHS service through taxation

110
Q

What are some things working people today have to pay for to get from the NHS?

A

Working people today have to pay for doctors’ prescriptions and dental treatment

111
Q

What are some services the NHS ensures no one is deprived of because they can’t afford it?

A

Family planning, physiotherapy, child care, cancer screening, asthma clinics and minor surgery

112
Q

What are some issues the NHS has in the modern day?

A

Waiting lists seem to be getting longer, doctors and nurses are overworked

113
Q

What is the fundamental cause behind the modern problems of the NHS (some examples too)?

A

A lack of money

114
Q

When was tobacco advertising banned?

A

2005

115
Q

When was smoking in all enclosed public spaces banned?

A

2007

116
Q

When were drivers in England banned from smoking in cars while carrying children as passengers?

A

2015

117
Q

When did the British government unveil plans to introduce a “sugar tax”, increasing the cost of high-sugar drinks?

A

2016

118
Q

What is a modern example of technology being used to improve the health and wellbeing of people?

A

“Digital therapy” is designed for patients who need at-home care or who can’t travel to a doctors surgery or hospital

119
Q
A

History Britain: Health and the People (6 decks)

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