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History Britain: Health and the People > Chapter 1 Medieval medicine & 2 Medical progress > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Medieval medicine & 2 Medical progress Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the Medieval period (middle ages) start and end?

A

It started in 500 AD and ended at 1500 AD

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2
Q

How are the Middle Ages divided?

A

There were the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages.

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3
Q

What happened to Ancient World medical ideas during the Middle Ages?

A

They were lost due to wars in the Early Middle Ages but returned to Europe during the High Middle Ages when the continent became more peaceful.

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4
Q

From where did Ancient World medical knowledge return to Europe?

A

The Islamic world

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5
Q

Where did people in Medieval England go to for medical treatment?

A

The local wise woman or man, barber-surgeons, university-trained doctors, people offering treatments in markets and fairs and the church

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6
Q

How did Medieval doctors produce a diagnosis of disease in patients?

A

They concentrated on the pulse of the patient and the colour, smell and taste of the urine

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7
Q

What might the medicines a Medieval doctor prescribed be made of?

A

The doctor may prescribe natural medicines made from plants, animal products, spices, oils, wines and rocks

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8
Q

What were some non-supernatural treatments a Medieval doctor may have given a patient?

A

Bloodletting (or purging); giving a patient something to make them vomit or go to the toilet

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9
Q

What was bloodletting (or purging)?

A

Bloodletting was a common treatment where blood was removed through leeches sucking it out or a vein being opened

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10
Q

Did bloodletting work?

A

Bloodletting didn’t often work because blood had to be taken from exactly the right spot on the body

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11
Q

What were some supernatural treatments a Medieval doctor may have tried to help a patient?

A

Prayers, charms and astrology

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12
Q

What did Medieval doctors believe caused illness and how did they think doctors could treat it?

A

Medieval doctors believed there were four “humours” inside a person and that they became ill when these “humours” were out of balance. It was a doctor’s job to restore the balance

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13
Q

Where did the theory of the four “humours” originate?

A

Ancient Greece

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14
Q

According to the four “humours” theory, what were the four elements in the body and which “humours” did they show themselves in?

A

Fire - Yellow bile ; Earth - Black bile ; Water - Phlegm ; Air - Blood

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15
Q

According to the four “humours” theory, what qualities did each element have?

A

Fire was hot , Earth was dry , Water was cold , Air was moist

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16
Q

According to the four “humours” theory, in which season was each element the strongest?

A

Fire - Summer; Earth - Autumn; Water - Winter; Air - Spring

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17
Q

According to the four “humours” theory, what were some cures related to keeping yellow bile in balance?

A

Made to vomit; change diet, like to eat cheese

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18
Q

According to the four “humours” theory, what were some cures related to keeping black bile in balance?

A

Give laxatives; Eat more vegetables

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19
Q

According to the four “humours” theory, what were some cures related to keeping phlegm in balance?

A

Breath in steam; eat fleshy vegetables like cucumber

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20
Q

According to the four “humours” theory, what were some cures related to keeping blood in balance?

A

Bloodletting, eating and drinking red wine or meat

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21
Q

What does c mean before a date? (c1540)

A

It stands for circa, meaning approximately

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22
Q

How many years of study could it take to qualify as a doctor in the Middle Ages?

A

At least 7

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23
Q

At what university could a doctor have studies at in the Middle Ages?

A

A university like Oxford or Cambridge

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24
Q

How did a Medieval doctor train, and could have importantly been left out?

A

Listening to lectures, debating what had been read in books,
a fully qualified doctor could have left university without having seen a real patient

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25
Q

From what sources did Medieval doctors gain their medical knowledge from during training?

A

Treatments of Hippocrates, Galen, medical knowledge from Muslim, Indian and Chinese worlds

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26
Q

When was Compendium Medicine published?

A

c1230

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27
Q

Who published Compendium Medicine?

A

Gilbert Eagle

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28
Q

Which country was Compendium Medicine from?

A

England

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29
Q

What were the books studied by Medieval doctors in England based on?

A

Greek knowledge

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30
Q

How did a Medieval doctor in England learn about the body in training?

A

They dealt with each body part, working from the head downwards

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31
Q

In England, what did a Medieval doctor’s training involve?

A

Medical theory, recipes, charms and Christian prayers

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32
Q

What did wise people in the Middle Ages offer as treatment?

A

A mixture of natural herbal remedies, first aid and supernatural cures

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33
Q

How was the knowledge of wise people in the Middle Ages passed down?

A

Word-of-mouth, though some was written down

34
Q

When was Leech Book of Bald published?

A

950

35
Q

What was Leech Book of Bald?

A

A remedy book

36
Q

What group made Leech Book of Bald?

A

The Anglo-Saxons

37
Q

In the Middle Ages, what did people in markets and fairs offer as medical treatments?

A

Herbal potions, pulling teeth, mending dislocated limbs or even setting a fracture in splints

38
Q

Where might people go to for medical aid from the church?

A

The local monastery or the parish priest

39
Q

What was a reason people in the Middle Ages believed God sent illness?

A

As a punishment for wickedness and crimes

40
Q

What was a religious treatment people in the Middle Ages tried to cure specific ailments?

A

Making prayers to Christian saints said to cure specific ailments

41
Q

Who’s example did the Christian Church believe in following when looking after the sick?

A

Jesus Christ

42
Q

What did the Christians believe in doing to help the sick?

A

Caring for the sick

43
Q

Why did Christians believe they shouldn’t necessarily try to cure the sick?

A

Curing an illness would be a challenge to God who had sent it

44
Q

Why did Christians believe God might have sent an illness?

A

As a punishment or test of faith

45
Q

What did Christians found many of to help the sick?

A

Hospitals

46
Q

What was the most important treatment to Christians for illness?

A

Prayers to God

47
Q

Who was Saint Bernard?

A

A famous 12th-century Christian monk

48
Q

Where did people make pilgrimages to for help with their illness?

A

Shrines

49
Q

What were shrines filled with which people went to for help with their illness?

A

Relics of the bones, hair and other body parts of a holy person

50
Q

What was an example of a shrine and where was it located?

A

Shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury

51
Q

Medical knowledge from what time did the Christian Church respect?

A

Traditional medical knowledge of the Ancient World

52
Q

Ideas from which people did the Christian Church believe was correct?

A

Hippocrates and Galen

53
Q

What was Pliny’s Natural History?

A

An encyclopedia of everyday family remedies

54
Q

What did monks do to preserve Ancient World medical knowledge?

A

They copied out books by hand

55
Q

Who studied and preserved Ancient World medical knowledge from the Christian Church?

A

Monks

56
Q

How many hospitals were started in England between 1000 and 1500?

A

More than 700

57
Q

What were many medieval hospitals in England like?

A

Areas were sick people could recover in quiet, clean surroundings

58
Q

Why did some medieval hospitals only have space for 12 patients?

A

Jesus had 12 disciples

59
Q

Many hospitals didn’t have doctors but a what instead?

A

A chaplain

60
Q

What religious individuals ran many hospitals?

A

Monks or nuns

61
Q

What were the main sources of money for hospitals?

A

Charity, like financing from the Christian Church of from a wealthy patron

62
Q

What were the different types of hospitals in the Medieval period in England?

A

Hospitals for the mentally ill, monastery infirmaries, large hospitals, Lazar houses for leprosy

63
Q

What was Bedlam?

A

A hospital for the mentally ill

64
Q

Where was Bedlam located?

A

London

65
Q

What was St Leonard’s?

A

A large hospital

66
Q

Where was St Leonard’s located?

A

York

67
Q

How many large hospitals were there in England?

A

Only a few

68
Q

What did Lazar houses do?

A

Deal with people who had leprosy

69
Q

Where were Lazar houses set up?

A

Outside towns

70
Q

In England, who often started Lazar houses?

A

Crusading orders

71
Q

In Europe, when did the training of doctors being?

A

After 1200

72
Q

What was the second subject usually studied in universities after religion?

A

Medicine

72
Q

What controlled universities?

A

The Christian Church

73
Q

In Britain, what controlled the training of doctors in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge?

A

The Church

74
Q

In universities, what was the purpose of medical training?

A

To make old knowledge clear and understandable

75
Q

Why did the Christian Church approve of Galen’s books?

A

He believed in a single god

76
Q

Why was it difficult to challenge anything that Galen wrote?

A

It would be seen as a criticism of the Church

77
Q

Why was 13th-century English monk, Roger Bacon, arrested?

A

He suggested original scientific experimentation was important

78
Q

What did the Church think a doctor should do?

A

Predict the symptoms and duration of illnesses, give reasons why God inflicted them on people

79
Q

Who was Faritius?

A

A famous 11th-century doctor and abbot of Abingdon

80
Q
A

History Britain: Health and the People (6 decks)

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