Chapter 8 - Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds Flashcards
Annuals
a
Beinnials
a
Perennials
a
Dioecious plants
- Each plant has its own sex
* Ex: persimmon, ginko, holly
Monoecious plants
- Has both sexes on the same plant but in different locations to increase chance of genetic diversity
- Ex: birch trees, oaks, corn, begonias
- Some plants’ sexes are ready at different times
Peduncle
stalk that holds the flower (like the petiole to a leaf)
Pedicels
a
Receptacle
area of flower attachment
Sepal (calyx plural)
- protection, when cover the flower bud
- functions for attraction (sometimes); can become colorful and look like petals
- ex: cover the bud, like leaves at top of strawberry or bottom of apple
Calyx
a
Petal (corolla plural)
- main function is attraction (color and scent)
* protection (shape that can hinder some insects and permit certain others)
Stamens
- male structure, in 2 parts: filament and anther
Pistil
- female structure, in 4 parts: stigma, style, ovary, ovules
Anther
produces and distributes pollen
Pollen grains
sperm
Pistil
a
Stigma
receptacle, receives pollen; sticky or wet, pubescent are possible attributes
Style
- connects the stigma to the ovary
- has to put the stigma in exactly the right place to be effective
- sperm travels through to the ovary
Ovary
- contains ovules
* becomes fruit
Carpels
a
Superior
a
Inferior
a
Ovules
the eggs, which turn into seeds
Seed
a
Inflorescences
a
Fruit
a
Exocarp
a
Endocarp
a
Mesocarp
a
Pericarp
a
Simple fleshy fruits
a
Carpel
a
Drupe
a
Berries
a
Pomes
a
Follicle
a
Legume
a
Siliques
a
Capsules
a
Achene
a
Nuts
a
Caryopsis/caryopses
a
Samaras
a
Schizocarp
a
Aggregate fruit
a
Multiple fruits
a
Seed dispersal
Wind
Animals
Water
Other ()
Wind dispersal of seeds
a
Animal dispersal of seeds
a
Water dispersal of seeds
a
Other dispersal of seeds
a
Cotyledons
a
Plumule
a
Epicotyl
a
Hypocotyl
a
Radicle
a
Coleoptile
a
Coleorhiza
a
Seed germination
a
Seed dormancy
a
Seed longevity
aa
sexual reproduction
union of gametes (sperm and egg)
gymnosperms
- relates to seeds; literally “naked seed”
- main group of plants before dinosaurs
- seed does not have an ovary covering
- ex: pine, spruce, ginko, cycads
- do not have flowers, though have other reproductive structures
ferns
have own reproduction process different from gymnosperms and angiosperms
monocot flowers
have flower parts in 3’s or multiples of 3’s
dicot flowers
have flower parts in 4’s or 5’s of their mulitples
flowers
purpose is to produce seed(s)
imperfect flower
contains one sex only (stamen or pistil)
complete flower
has sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil
incomplete flower
missing one or more of sepals, petals, stamen, or pistil
perfect flower
has both sexes (stamen and pistil)
imperfect flower
contains one sex only
staminate flower
a male imperfect flower
pistilate flower
a female imperfect flower
sexual reproduction
union of gametes (sperm and egg)
gymnosperms
- relates to seeds; literally “naked seed”
- main group of plants before dinosaurs
- seed does not have an ovary covering
- ex: pine, spruce, ginko, cycads
- do not have flowers, though have other reproductive structures
ferns
have own reproduction process different from gymnosperms and angiosperms
angiosperms
- have a covered seed
- monocots and dicots
- vegetables, trees (except conifers)
