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Intro Plant Biology > Chapter 6 - Stems > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Stems Flashcards

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1
Q

Node

A

The area/region (not structure) of attachment, where leaf, bud, stem, fruit, flower, thorn, branches are attached

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2
Q

Internode

A

Stem region between nodes; no attachments

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3
Q

Blade

A

Flattened part of leaf

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4
Q

Petiole

A

Stalk by which a blade is attached to a stalk

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5
Q

Axil

A

Angle between a petiole and the stem

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6
Q

Axillary bud/lateral buds

A

Bud located in the axil. Contains meristematic tissue, same as terminal bud. Not all buds will produce all the potential parts (leaves, stems, flowers, etc.)

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7
Q

Bud scales

A

Protect buds (against water loss) while they grow, then fall off. Not all buds have them

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8
Q

Stipules

A

a

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9
Q

Deciduous

A

Trees or shrubs that loose all their leaves annually

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10
Q

Leaf scars

A

Where a leaf was attached to a stem. Shapes can help with plant identification (triangular vs. round, etc.)

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11
Q

(Vascular) Bundle scars

A

Marks (dots) within a leaf scar where the vascular bundles (vascular cylinders) were. The shape and size of the leaf scars and the arrangement and numbers of bundle scars are characteristic for each species and so can be useful in tree/plant ID.

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12
Q

Pith

A

Center of herbaceous dicot stems (parenchyma cells)

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13
Q

Cortex

A

a

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14
Q

Vascular bundles

A

In herbaceous stems, clumps of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) scattered throughout the stem.

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15
Q

Woody dicotyledonous stems

A
  • Consist of outer bark, cork cambium, inner bark, vascular cambium and wood
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16
Q

Heartwood

A
  • Older, non-transporting xylem
  • Function: support/strength; like a big cement pole through the center of the tree
  • Usually turns a dark color because the cells filled in with various chemicals; every tree has its own chemicals it uses; can resist fungus, etc.
  • Osage orange/hedge apple - chemicals keep wood from rotting for ~40 years. Branches used as fenceposts
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17
Q

Sapwood

A
  • Newest, active-transporting xylem, but not “living” tissue
  • Lightest colored wood
  • Not always evenly-distributed around the tree (light, gravity, weather can cause damage and unevenness)
  • Function: transport, strength/support, some storge (sugars in winter)
18
Q

Vascular rays

A
  • Chains of parenchyma cells
  • Like spokes on a wheel
  • Lateral transport
  • Provides protection against diseases
  • Makes very thin lines
19
Q

Bark

A
  • Periderm
  • Outer bark - protection from fungus/insects/animals, temperature, water loss (with suberin)
  • Inner bark - Phloem of the tree
  • Cork cambium - Between the outer and inner bark; produces the outer bark as it sloughs off
20
Q

Specialized stems

A

1) Adventitious stems
2) Rhizomes
3) Stolons
4) Tubers
5) Tendrils
6) Bulbs and Corms
7) Thorns

21
Q

Rhizomes

A
  • Specialized (modified) stem

* An underground stem, like bamboo; sends out runners, then sprouts

22
Q

Stolons

A
  • Specialized (modified) stem.

* Grows above ground, away from parent plant. Where touches ground, a new plants takes root. (strawberries)

23
Q

Tubers

A
  • Specialized (modified) stem.

* Grows underground and stores energy (starches). (Idaho potatoes - have eyes/nodes which sprouts new growth)

24
Q

Bulbs and Corms

A

Like onions

25
Q

Adventitious Stems

A
  • Specialized stems
  • Come from parts of the plant you wouldn’t expect a stem to grow
  • Suckers: Shoots that arise from the base or root of a plant; sometimes produced when plant is stressed, such as when upper part of tree damaged; others reproduce naturally (like aspen)
  • Water sprouts: arise from main trunk or branches; regular branch, same parts but not in “right” place; comes from tree damage (overtrimming and topping)
26
Q

Tendrils

A
  • Specialized (modified) stem.

* Function: For support/attachment.

27
Q

Monocotyledonous stems

A
  • Have scattered vascular bundles (random pattern)

* Lacks a vascular cambium

28
Q

Terminal bud

A

Bud at the end of a stem. Will produce primary growth with more stem, flowers, leaves. Contains meristematic tissue. Formed in late fall and over-winter. Opens in the spring to start new season’s growth.

29
Q

Lenticels

A

Like stomates on leaves. Gas exchange areas.

30
Q

Terminal bud scar

A
  • Ring/ridges left on a stem marking where a terminal bud spent the winter, left by the bud scales falling off in the spring.
  • Growth between terminal bud scars shows that year’s growth. Counting bud scale scars can tell how old the bud is.
  • Not visible on all plants, and over time it blends into the expanding stem/branch.
31
Q

Arrangements on a stem

A

1) Alternate ( leaves alternate on the stem)
2) Opposite (two leaves/buds across stem from each other)
3) Whorled (like opposite, but 3, maybe more, leaves around stem)

32
Q

Vascular cambium

A
  • Paper-thin area, division between bark and wood
  • Main living tissue of the tree
  • Meristematic region, making phloem to outside and xylem to inside of the cambium
  • When grafting, the vascular cambium of each piece must align, or it won’t grow
33
Q

Herbaceous dicot stems

A
  • Vascular bundles more organized
  • Contain vascular cambium (can have secondary growth)
  • Center is “pith”
34
Q

Cork cambium

A

Layer of meristematic cells between outer and inner bark. Produces the outer bark as it sloughs off.

35
Q

Growth rings

A
  • In the xylem of woody stems
  • Rings are produced by vascular cambium each spring/summer
  • All secondary growth, in width
  • Each ring consists of 2 parts: springwood/earlywood and summerwood/latewood. Together they represent one year’s growth.
  • Can use to get hints of weather/natural events in the past (drought, fire, etc.)
36
Q

Springwood/earlywood

A
  • First part of a growth ring (darker in color)
  • Produced in early part of the growing season (spring)
  • Usually very porous, vessel cells, very thin ring
37
Q

Summerwood/latewood

A
  • Last part of a growth ring (lighter in color)
  • Produced in the later part of the growing season (summer)
  • Larger part of the ring, denser/tighter (not as porous)
38
Q

Thorns

A
  • Specialized (modified) stem

* Arises from a node if a true thorn

39
Q

Prickles

A

Modified epidermis, but aren’t trichomes

40
Q

Angiosperm

A

Flowering plant

Intro Plant Biology (10 decks)

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