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Intro Plant Biology > Chapter 2 - The Nature of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Nature of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Attributes of living organisms

A 
Composition and structure
Growth
Reproduction
Response to stimuli
Metabolism
Movement
Complexity and organization
Adaption to the environment
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3
Q

Bonds and ions

A

Covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

Growth

A

Increase in mass, usually accompanied by an increase in volume.

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Part of atom containing protons and neutrons.

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6
Q

Protons

A
  • Positively-charged part of an atom
  • Has mass
  • Affects the path of electrons around the nucleus
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7
Q

Atom

A

The smallest stable subdivision of an element that can exist

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8
Q

Reproduction

A

Offspring always resemble the parents more than other individuals of the same kind. (see chapter 13)

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9
Q

Orbital

A
  • Region occupied by electrons around the nucleus

* A volume of space in which a given electron occurs 90% of the time.

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

Variations of elements with slightly different numbers of neutrons in the atoms, resulting in different weights but all forms behaving alike chemically

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11
Q

Electrons

A
  • Negative charges that whirl around the nucleus.
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12
Q

Valence

A

The combining capacity of an atom or ion based on electron number.

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13
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Form when two atoms complete their outermost energy level by sharing a pair of electrons in the outermost orbital. They hold two or more atomic nuclei together and travel between them.

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14
Q

Neutrons

A
  • Part of an atom with no electrical charge

* Has mass

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15
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Form when positively charged hydrogen atoms in polar molecules are attracted to negatively charged atoms in other polar molecules.

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16
Q

Acids

A

Chemicals that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water

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17
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Molecules that lose or gain electrons and become either positively or negatively charged particles.

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18
Q

Compound

A

A substance where 2 or more elements are united in a definite ratio by chemical bonds.

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19
Q

Molecule

A
  • The smallest unit of an element or compound retaining its own identity.
  • 2 or more atoms bound together
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20
Q

pH

A
  • Scale (0-14) to measure acidity or alkalinity
  • Each unit (0-14) represents a tenfold change in H+ concentration.
  • Pure water is 7/neutral, number of H+ and OH- is the same.
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21
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy and its conversions from one form to another.

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22
Q

Bases (alkaline compounds)

A
  • Feel slippery or soapy

* Compounds that accept H+ ions.

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23
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy contained within a system and is converted from one form to another, flows from a high to a low state (heat flows from hot objects to cool surfaces).

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24
Q

Polymers

A

“Many units”

- formed when two or more monomers bond together

25
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is constant – it cannot be gained or lost – but can be converted from one form to another. Forms include: chemical, electrical, heat, and light.

26
Q

Monomers

A

“Single unit”

- smaller cell components that bond through dehydration synthesis to create polymers

27
Q

Characteristics of matter

A
  1. Occupies space
  2. Has mass (weight)
  3. Composed of elements
28
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • a kind of carbohydrate (polymer)
  • Simple sugars with backbones of 3-7 carbon atoms
  • includes glucose, fructose
29
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • a kind of carbohydrate (polymer)
  • formed when two or more monosaccharides bond via dehydration synthesis
  • includes sucrose (glucose+fructose)
30
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • One of the most important classes of polymers.
  • The most abundant organic compound in nature.
  • Includes sugars, starches
  • CH2O
31
Q

Cellulose

A

Chief structural polymer in cell walls (3000-10000 chains of glucose molecules)

32
Q

Lipids

A
  • Fatty or oily substances insoluble in water because contain no polarized components
  • store twice as much energy as carbohydrates
  • important to long-term energy reserves of cells
  • broken down by hydrolosis
33
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • A kind of carbohydrate (polymer)
  • Formed when more than 2 monosaccharides bond together
  • example is starch, a string of glucose molecules that have bonded, each giving up a molecule of water
34
Q

Proteins

A
  • second only to cellulose in making up dry weight of plant cells
  • regulate chemical reactions in cells
  • usually very large molecules of one or more polypeptide chains
35
Q

Polypeptides

A

Chains of amino acids

36
Q

Amino acids

A

a

37
Q

Peptide bonds

A
  • Link together amino acids through covalent bonds
38
Q

Storage proteins

A

a

39
Q

Growth

A
  • An increase in mass, usually accompanied by an increase in volume.
  • Results from the production of new cells and includes variation in form.
  • Controlled by a plant’s genetic makeup and the environment in which its grown.
40
Q

Enzymes

A

a

41
Q

Nucleic acids

A

a

42
Q

Nucleotides

A

a

43
Q

Response to Stimuli

A

Plants respond to injury and other stimuli, such as light, temperature, and gravity.

44
Q

Metabolism

A

The collective product of all the biochemical reactions taking place within an organism. Most important activities: respiration, photosynthesis, digestion, assimilation.

45
Q

Movement

A

Most plants movements are slow, imperceptible, and mostly related to growth. Not confined to the organism as a whole, but occurs at the cellular level.

46
Q

Complexity of an Organization

A

Cells contain large numbers of molecules (more than 1 trillion molecules in a single cell). Numbers of molecule types can be in the millions for flowering plants and other large objects.

47
Q

Reproduction

A

Offspring always resemble parents more than they do other individuals of the same kind.

48
Q

Genes

A

a

49
Q

Organic compounds

A

Have a “backbone” of carbon atoms

50
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Have no carbon atoms (except carbon dioxide CO2 and sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3)

51
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Bonds two monomers together when H+ is removed from one monomer and hydroxyl OH- removed from the other creating an electrical attraction
- also known as a condensation reaction

52
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Opposite of dehydration synthesis, when H+ from water attaches to one monomer and OH- to another, resulting in energy being released

53
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules with the same numbers and kind of atoms but different in structure and shape

54
Q

Sucrose

A

The form in which sugar is transported through plants

55
Q

Waxes

A
  • A kind of lipid
  • usually embedded in cutin or suberin (also lipids) on leaf surfaces
  • provide waterproofing, prevent water loss, protection against insects and microorganisms
56
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • a kind of lipid
  • constructed chemically like fats but with some polarized ions
  • important component in membranes in living organisms
57
Q

Adaptation to the Environment

A

Response to air, water, light, soil, genetic fitness.

58
Q

Energy

A

The ability or capacity to do work or to produce a change is motion or matter.

Intro Plant Biology (10 decks)

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