Chapter 8- Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics

Question 1

What are the building blocks of body proteins?

Answer 1

Amino Acids

Question 2

What is the ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)?

Answer 2

VT1 is the point at which the body shifts to using mostly carbohydrate (at least 51%) as the fuel substrate for exercise.

Question 3

What breathing change occurs at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2)?

Answer 3

Expiration becomes more forceful

At exercise intensities at or above VT2, more carbon dioxide is being produced, which needs to be exhaled, so expiration becomes more forceful during each breath.

Question 4

What is the name of the stored form of glucose?

Answer 4

Glycogen

Question 5

What is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)?

Answer 5

RMR is the number of calories that the body uses at rest to function.

Question 6

What are essential amino acids?

Answer 6

Cannot be synthesised in body. Must be consumed in food. 9 EAA total

Question 7

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

Answer 7

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

Question 8

What is acidosis in muscle?

Answer 8

A decrease in pH, which can lead to feelings of fatigue

Question 9

If someone specifically wanted to burn a lot of fat (not necessarily total calories), what type of exercise should they do?

Answer 9

Low- to moderate-intensity exercise for 30 to 60 minutes

Question 10

Before carbohydrates, fat, or protein can enter the citric acid cycle (CAC), they need to be converted to what common molecule?

Answer 10

Acetyl CoA

Question 11

If pyruvate is being created via glycolysis faster than oxygen can be delivered to the muscle, what will happen to the pyruvate?

Answer 11

The pyruvate will be converted to lactate.

Question 12

Before carbohydrates, fat, or protein can enter the citric acid cycle (CAC), they need to be converted to what common molecule?

Answer 12

Acetyl CoA

Question 13

What are the three pathways through which the body can produce ATP?

Answer 13

1. The ATP-PC system,
2. glycolysis
3. oxidative phosphorylation

Question 14

A client plans to go for a 10-mile run, but they become fatigued after 7 miles, so they stop. What is the most likely cause of this fatigue?

Answer 14

Glycogen stores were exhausted.

Question 15

Why is nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) important?

Answer 15

NEAT can be protective against obesity

Question 16

What does the electron transport chain (ETC) do?

Answer 16

The ETC uses a hydrogen gradient to create ATP.

Question 17

How many calories are in 1 pound of body fat?

Answer 17

About 3,500

Question 18

What is the term for the higher-than-normal energy expenditure during the recovery period after exercise?

Answer 18

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption

Question 19

When a person loses body weight, what is the only way that mass is lost?

Answer 19

as exhaled carbon dioxide

As metabolism converts food and stored tissue to ATP, carbon dioxide is formed as the main waste product. The body then exhales that CO2, and the energy once contained in stored body mass is released back into the environment within the CO2’s molecular bonds.

Question 20

What are the end products of the electron transport chain?

Answer 20

ATP and water

Question 21

What is the process called that prepares fatty acid substrates to enter the citric acid cycle?

Answer 21

Beta-oxidation

Question 22

What is acidosis in muscle?

Answer 22

A decrease in pH, which can lead to feelings of fatigue

Question 23

What is Ketosis?

Answer 23

State of carbohydrate depletion where liver produces ketone bodies to meet energy demands

Question 24

Describe the ATP-PC system (4)

Answer 24

1. Rapid energy 10-15 seconds
2. Anaerobic metabolism (no O2)
3. ADP+Phosphate (PC Molecule)= ATP
4. PC stores run out faster than replenished

Question 25

Describe Glycolosis (3)

Answer 25

1. slow ramp up, lasts 30-60 seconds
   2 Glucose –> Pyruvate+ATP
2. enough glucose for 60 mins exercise

Question 26

Describe the Oxidative System (3)

Answer 26

1. Oxygen to convert substrates to ATP
2. Substrates (fat,carb,protein)-> Acetyl CoA->Citric Acid Cycle + Electron Transport Chain = ATP
3. theoretically unlimited

Question 27

What is Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)?

Answer 27

Metabolism elevated after exercise

After a relatively intense workout, aerobic metabolism stays elevated above baseline for a period of time to replenish all the ATP stores.

Question 28

Describe TDEE (Total Daily Energy Expenditure)

Answer 28

Total amount of energy expended in one day

Question 29

Describe Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (EAT)?

Answer 29

Calories used through structured training/exercise

Question 30

Describe TEF (Thermic Effect of Food)

Answer 30

energy required to digest/absorb/process consumed nutrients

Question 31

Describe NEAT (Non Exercise Activity Thermogenesis)

Answer 31

energy expenditure through daily activities (walking, cleaning etc). Can help obesity

Question 32

Describe RMR (resting metabolic rate)

Answer 32

Rate at which body expends energy when fasted (e.g. sleeping)

Question 33

Describe PAL (Physical Activity Level)

Answer 33

Number of calories expended through daily activity and structured exercise.

Question 34

What is Ventilatory Threshold 2 (VT2)?

Answer 34

Max intensity - Glucose provides 100% of energy

Question 35

What is Ventilatory Threshold 1 (VT1)?

Answer 35

Increased intensity - Fat/Glucose providing 50/50 of energy

Question 36

What are Free Fatty Acids?

Answer 36

By product of breakdown of stored/consumed fats. Used in the oxidative system to make ATP.

Question 37

What are Amino Acids?

Answer 37

Building blocks of Protein. 9 Essential/11 Non essential. AA build and repair muscle. If carb/fat sources low can be used to make ATP (rare for this to happen!)