Chapter 8- Exercise Metabolism and Bioenergetics Flashcards
What are the building blocks of body proteins?
Amino Acids
What is the ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1)?
VT1 is the point at which the body shifts to using mostly carbohydrate (at least 51%) as the fuel substrate for exercise.
What breathing change occurs at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2)?
Expiration becomes more forceful
At exercise intensities at or above VT2, more carbon dioxide is being produced, which needs to be exhaled, so expiration becomes more forceful during each breath.
What is the name of the stored form of glucose?
Glycogen
What is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)?
RMR is the number of calories that the body uses at rest to function.
What are essential amino acids?
Cannot be synthesised in body. Must be consumed in food. 9 EAA total
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
What is acidosis in muscle?
A decrease in pH, which can lead to feelings of fatigue
If someone specifically wanted to burn a lot of fat (not necessarily total calories), what type of exercise should they do?
Low- to moderate-intensity exercise for 30 to 60 minutes
Before carbohydrates, fat, or protein can enter the citric acid cycle (CAC), they need to be converted to what common molecule?
Acetyl CoA
If pyruvate is being created via glycolysis faster than oxygen can be delivered to the muscle, what will happen to the pyruvate?
The pyruvate will be converted to lactate.
Before carbohydrates, fat, or protein can enter the citric acid cycle (CAC), they need to be converted to what common molecule?
Acetyl CoA
What are the three pathways through which the body can produce ATP?
- The ATP-PC system,
- glycolysis
- oxidative phosphorylation
A client plans to go for a 10-mile run, but they become fatigued after 7 miles, so they stop. What is the most likely cause of this fatigue?
Glycogen stores were exhausted.
Why is nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) important?
NEAT can be protective against obesity
What does the electron transport chain (ETC) do?
The ETC uses a hydrogen gradient to create ATP.
How many calories are in 1 pound of body fat?
About 3,500
What is the term for the higher-than-normal energy expenditure during the recovery period after exercise?
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption
When a person loses body weight, what is the only way that mass is lost?
as exhaled carbon dioxide
As metabolism converts food and stored tissue to ATP, carbon dioxide is formed as the main waste product. The body then exhales that CO2, and the energy once contained in stored body mass is released back into the environment within the CO2’s molecular bonds.
What are the end products of the electron transport chain?
ATP and water
What is the process called that prepares fatty acid substrates to enter the citric acid cycle?
Beta-oxidation
What is acidosis in muscle?
A decrease in pH, which can lead to feelings of fatigue
What is Ketosis?
State of carbohydrate depletion where liver produces ketone bodies to meet energy demands
Describe the ATP-PC system (4)
- Rapid energy 10-15 seconds
- Anaerobic metabolism (no O2)
- ADP+Phosphate (PC Molecule)= ATP
- PC stores run out faster than replenished
Describe Glycolosis (3)
- slow ramp up, lasts 30-60 seconds
2 Glucose –> Pyruvate+ATP - enough glucose for 60 mins exercise
Describe the Oxidative System (3)
- Oxygen to convert substrates to ATP
- Substrates (fat,carb,protein)-> Acetyl CoA->Citric Acid Cycle + Electron Transport Chain = ATP
- theoretically unlimited
What is Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)?
Metabolism elevated after exercise
After a relatively intense workout, aerobic metabolism stays elevated above baseline for a period of time to replenish all the ATP stores.
Describe TDEE (Total Daily Energy Expenditure)
Total amount of energy expended in one day
Describe Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (EAT)?
Calories used through structured training/exercise
Describe TEF (Thermic Effect of Food)
energy required to digest/absorb/process consumed nutrients
Describe NEAT (Non Exercise Activity Thermogenesis)
energy expenditure through daily activities (walking, cleaning etc). Can help obesity
Describe RMR (resting metabolic rate)
Rate at which body expends energy when fasted (e.g. sleeping)
Describe PAL (Physical Activity Level)
Number of calories expended through daily activity and structured exercise.
What is Ventilatory Threshold 2 (VT2)?
Max intensity - Glucose provides 100% of energy
What is Ventilatory Threshold 1 (VT1)?
Increased intensity - Fat/Glucose providing 50/50 of energy
What are Free Fatty Acids?
By product of breakdown of stored/consumed fats. Used in the oxidative system to make ATP.
What are Amino Acids?
Building blocks of Protein. 9 Essential/11 Non essential. AA build and repair muscle. If carb/fat sources low can be used to make ATP (rare for this to happen!)