Chapter 8: Energy and Atmosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

American National Standards Institue (ANSI)

A

The organization that oversees the creation, promulgation, and use of thousands of standards and guidelines that directly impact businesses in nearly every sector. ANSI is also actively engaged in accrediting programs that assess conformance to standards, including globally recognized cross-sector programs such as the ISO 9000 (quality) and ISO 14000 (environmental) management systems.

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2
Q

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

A

A standard that sets the minimum requirements for energy-efficient design of most buildings, except low-rise residential buildings, by offering, in detail, the minimum energy-efficient requirements for design and construction of new buildings and their systems, new portions of buildings and their systems, and new systems and equipment in existing buildings, as well as criteria for determining compliance with these requirements.

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3
Q

British Thermal Unit (Btu)

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of liquid water 1 degree F (such as from 60 degrees F to 61 degrees F). This standard measure of energy is used to describe the energy content of fuels and compare energy use.

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4
Q

Building Envelope

A

The interface between the interior of a building and the outdoor environment. Reducing the transfer of hot or cold air through the building envelope is important for energy efficiency measures. Insulation, air sealing, and windows can each play an important role in minimizing heat transfer.

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5
Q

Building Footprint

A

The area of ground that the building occupies as defined by its perimeter.

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6
Q

Building Loads

A

The amount of energy and the devices and systems that use that energy in a building.

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7
Q

Carbon Footprint

A

The amount of greenhouse gases and specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by something such as a company or the manufacture and transport of a product during a given period.

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8
Q

Carbon Offsets

A

A purchasable form of trade that funds projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as forest restoration, power plant and factory updates, or increases to the energy efficiency of buildings and transportation.

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9
Q

Chiller

A

A machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as required.

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10
Q

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

A

Any of several simple gaseous compounds that contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine, and sometimes hydrogen, that are used as refrigerants, cleaning solvents, and aerosol propellants and in the manufacture of plastic foams, and that are believed to be a major cause of stratospheric ozone depletion. CFCs are banned in many countries, including the U.S

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11
Q

Commissioning (Cx)

A

Verification after construction that a structure and its systems and subsystems meet project requirements as intended and designed.

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12
Q

Commissioning Authority (CxA)

A

A third party contracted by a building owner who reports directly to the owner and oversees the incorporation of the design and energy goals throughout the lifetime of a project.

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13
Q

Demand Response (DR) Program

A

A program offered by utilities that allows large energy users to reduce energy loads during peak energy usage times in exchange for reduced rates.

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14
Q

Energy Efficiency

A

Utilizing less energy to complete the same amount of work.

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15
Q

Energy Star Portfolio Manager

A

An EPA-provided building benchmarking system that is the most widely used in the U.S. The energy and water data for a building is entered into a web-based tool that then displays where the building type falls in whole-building energy use compared to other buildings of the same type. Greenhouse gas emissions are also measured.

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16
Q

Energy Use Intensity (EUI)

A

A metric that expresses a building’s energy use as a function of its size.

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17
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

Nonrenewable energy produced from the burning of ancient, organic remains such as peat, coal, crude oil, and natural gas.

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18
Q

Green Power

A

Renewable energy from solar, wind, biobased, water, and geothermal sources.

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19
Q

Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)

A

A refrigerant used as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants and propellants in aerosol canisters, considered to be less destructive to the atmosphere.

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20
Q

Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)

A

A refrigerant that is considered a long-term replacement for CFC and HCFC refrigerants since it consists of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon but not ozone-damaging chlorine; it does, however, contribute a small amount to global warming.

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21
Q

Illuminating Engineer Society of North America (IESNA)

A

An organization that publishes nationally and internationally used standards for the lighting industry.

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22
Q

Lighting Power Density (LPD)

A

The installed lighting power per unit area.

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23
Q

Mechanical Ventilation

A

The process of supplying, directing, and removing air from an indoor space by mechanical means.

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24
Q

Megawatt-hour (MWh)

A

A unit of energy equivalent to one megawatt (1 MW) of power expended for one hour (1 h) of time.

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25
Q

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

A

An international treaty that was adopted in 1987 to eliminate the production and consumption of ozone-depleting chemicals, ratified at the United Nations by 197 countries and the European Union. The Montreal Protocol bans the uses of CFCs and phases out the use of HCFCs.

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26
Q

Natural Ventilation

A

The process of supplying, directing, and removing air from an indoor space by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or another mechanical system.

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27
Q

Net-Zero Energy Project

A

A project that uses no more energy from the grid than it can produce on site.

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28
Q

Nonrenewable Energy

A

Resources such as fossil fuels that are depleted by use.

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29
Q

Passive Design

A

A design strategy that uses natural climatic conditions to heat, cool, or light a building.

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30
Q

Performance Monitoring

A

Continuously tracks efficiency metrics of energy, water, and other systems, to achieve increased levels of efficiency.

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31
Q

Photovoltaic (PV) Energy

A

Electricity from photovoltaic cells that converts the energy in sunlight into electricity.

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32
Q

Refrigerant

A

One of any number of substances, such as CFCs, HFCs, and HCFCs, used in cooling systems to transfer thermal energy in air conditioning and refrigeration systems.

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33
Q

Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)

A

A tradable commodity sold by producers of renewable energy on the open market (such as a stock exchange), which supports the production of additional renewable energy. One REC represents one megawatt-hour of renewable energy produced.

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34
Q

Retrocommissioning

A

A commissioning process that can be performed on existing buildings to identify and recognize system improvements that make the building more suitable for current use.

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35
Q

5 Energy and Atmosphere Credits

A

1) Reducing Energy Demand
2) Increasing Energy Efficiency
3) Producing Renewable Energy
4) Refrigerant Management
5) Ongoing Energy Performance

36
Q

How much of U.S. energy use do commercial buildings account for?

A

20%

37
Q

3 Organizations that Establish Baselines

A

1) ASHRAE
2) ANSI
3) IESNA

38
Q

What is the intent of the Reducing Energy Demand Credit?

A

To reduce the peak amount of energy used in the operation and maintenance of a building and the energy use of the occupants.

39
Q

5 Reducing Energy Demand Strategies

A

1) Reduce Building Footprint
2) Incorporate Passive Design
3) Create a High-Performance Building Envelope
4) Establish Design and Energy Goals for Commissioning
5) Install Submeters and Automated Building Controls

40
Q

What is the Building Envelope?

A

The exterior surface of a building that includes its walls, windows, roof, insulating materials, and floor.

41
Q

What is required for the EA Prerequisite (Building-level Energy Metering)?

A

That projects install new or use existing building-level energy meters or submeters that can be aggregated to provide building-level data representing total building energy consumption.

42
Q

What is required for the EA Credit (Advanced Energy Metering)?

A

That projects install advanced energy metering for all whole-building energy sources used by the building and individual end uses representing 10% or more of the total annual consumption of the building.

43
Q

What is the intent of the Increasing Energy Efficiency Credit?

A

To design and implement building systems that do not use any more energy than is needed to maintain the comfort of the occupants or to accomplish the tasks the building was designed for.

44
Q

5 Increasing Energy Efficiency Strategies

A

1) Participate in a Demand Response Program
2) Benchmarking Buildings
3) Utilize High-Performance Building Systems
4) Specify High-Efficiency Appliances
5) Implement Energy Modeling

45
Q

How do project teams get points in the EA Credit (Demand Response)?

A

Project teams will get 1 to 2 credit points for designing the building and equipment for DR program participation through load shedding or shifting.

46
Q

What is Benchmarking?

A

A means to compare one data set to an optimal data set for purposes of improvement.

47
Q

What is the Energy Star Portfolio Manager?

A

The most widely used building benchmarking system in the U.S. which is scored between 1 and 100.

48
Q

What are the point thresholds for the Energy Star Portfolio Manager?

A

1) A score of 50 represents median energy performance
2) A score of 75 or better indicates that the building is a top performer and my be eligible for Energy Star Certification.

49
Q

What are Energy Star-certified Appliances?

A

Appliances that incorporate advanced technologies and use 10% to 50% less energy than standard appliances.

50
Q

What is Energy Modeling?

A

Is used in the schematic design of a building to show how it will perform energy-wise in varying conditions.

51
Q

3 Nonrenewable Fossil Fuels

A

1) Coal
2) Petroleum (oil)
3) Natural Gas

52
Q

What percent of U.S. energy consumption is petroleum?

A

34%

53
Q

What percent of U.S. energy consumption is natural gas?

A

30%

54
Q

What percent of U.S. energy consumption is renewable energy?

A

10%

55
Q

What is the intent of the Processing Renewable Energy Credit?

A

To offset fossil fuel usage, thereby lessening the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases and pollutants released into the environment.

56
Q

6 Renewable Energies

A

1) Solar Power
2) Wind Power
3) Hydropower
4) Geothermal
5) Bioenergy
6) Waste-to-Energy Systems

57
Q

What is in a Balanced Energy Portfolio?

A

It consists of several types of on-site power generation technologies and off-site renewable energy such as green power, renewable energy certificates (RECs), and carbon offsets.

58
Q

2 Renewable Energy Strategies

A

1) Install on-site renewable energy systems

2) Purchase off-site renewable energy

59
Q

How do project teams get points in the EA Credit (Renewable Energy Production)?

A

By installing on-site renewable energy production that supplies 1%, 3%, 5%, or 10% of the building’s total energy.

60
Q

What 2 forms is Solar Power provided in?

A

1) Photovoltaic (PV)

2) Solar Thermal Systems

61
Q

What is Photovoltaic Solar Power?

A

Where systems provide electricity from the sun’s energy.

62
Q

What is Solar Thermal Systems Solar Power?

A

Where systems use sunlight to heat water or another heat transfer fluid to produce hot water.

63
Q

What is Wind Power?

A

Wind turbines product electricity.

64
Q

How do project teams get points in the EA Credit (Renewable Energy Production)?

A

By arranging to purchase power from off-site, third-party owned wind power generators after submitting proper documentation.

65
Q

What is Bioenergy?

A

Energy produced from processing different forms of waste and includes biomass, biofuel, and biogas. Wood and wood waste are the largest source of biomass energy.

66
Q

What is Geothermal Energy?

A

The residual heat energy from the Earth, which can provide an energy-efficient way to provide electricity, heat water for use, or heat a building. Typical geothermal heating systems use piping systems containing heat transfer fluid buried in shallow ground near or around a building.

67
Q

What is Hydropower?

A

Energy produced from the force of moving water.

68
Q

Where does most hydropower come from?

A

Large federally built facilities

69
Q

What is Low-impact Hydroelectricity?

A

A form of hydropower that minimizes negative environmental impacts and is accomplished through smaller-scale installations than typical hydro electric plants

70
Q

What is Green Power?

A

Renewable energy that is purchased from a utility.

71
Q

How do projects get points in the EA Credit (Green Power and Carbon Offsets)?

A

For engaging in a green power contract with a utility for a minimum of 5 years.

72
Q

What are Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)?

A

A tradable commodity sold on the open market (such as a stock exchange) by producers of renewable energy. One REC represents 1 MWh of renewable energy produced.

73
Q

What is the Green-E Certification Program?

A

A third-party rating system for renewable energy run by the Center for Resource Solutions. Certifies environmental commodities and products that mitigate climate change and help build a sustainable energy future.

74
Q

What is a Refrigerant?

A

A fluid (liquid or vapor) in a refrigeration system that accomplishes heat transfer by absorbing heat to change state from a liquid to a vapor or giving up heat to change state from a vapor to a liquid.

75
Q

3 Main Refrigerants

A

1) Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
2) Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)
3) Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)

76
Q

What is the intent of the Refrigerant Management Credit?

A

To eliminate the use of CFCs entirely and use other more ozone-friendly refrigerants.

77
Q

What is required for the EA Prerequisite (Fundamental Refrigerant Management)

A

That projects never use CFC-based refrigerants in new HVAC systems and also requires them to become phase out in existing equipment.

78
Q

How do project teams get points in the EA Credit (Enhanced Refrigerant)?

A

By not using refrigerants at all or using low-impact refrigerants

79
Q

2 Refrigerant Trade-off Strategies

A

1) Refrigerant Trade-off

2) Refrigerant Elimination

80
Q

What is Refrigerant Trade-off?

A

Using a refrigerant with a low ODP will have a greater GWP but using a refrigerant with a lower GWP will have a higher ODP.

81
Q

What is ODP?

A

Ozone Depletion Potential

82
Q

What is GWP?

A

Global Warming Potential

83
Q

How does the EA Credit (Enhanced Refrigerant Management) attempt to mitigate the refrigerant trade off?

A

By allowing only the use of refrigerants that are naturally occurring or synthetic with an ODP of 0 and a GWP of less than 50.

84
Q

What is the Montreal Protocol?

A

An international treaty that is eliminating and phasing out the use of harmful refrigerants that deplete the ozone layer. It bans CFCs and phases out HCFCs by 2030.

85
Q

What is the intent of the Ongoing Energy Performance Credit?

A

To monitor the effectiveness of energy efficiency and carbon reduction measures by measuring the ongoing energy performance through commissioning, retrocommissioning, submetering, building automation, and benchmarking.

86
Q

4 Ongoing Energy Performance Credit Strategies

A

1) Preparing an OPR
2) Training Building Managers
3) Providing Incentives for Building Occupants
4) Preventative Maintenance

87
Q

What is the OPR?

A

Owner’s Project Requirements