Chapter 8 - Education

Question 1

What is education as a social institution?

Answer 1

A social institution through which a society passes on cultural values, norms, and skills related to social interaction and productivity.
* these values are passed down to the children that are in the classroom

Question 2

What is the role of schooling in education?

Answer 2

Standardized instruction by trained educators leading to a recognized credential.

Question 3

What historical changes led to compulsory education for the masses in Canada?

Answer 3

Industrial workforce requirements, changing perceptions of childhood (created a gap between childhood and work life to build up skills), and the transition to textually mediated education.
*happened after the industrial revolution
*skill requirements for workplaces began to become more complex and needed to be taught (lead to the creation of text based products to inform individuals)

Question 4

What does the Structural Functionalist approach emphasize about education?

Answer 4

What schooling achieves for social stability, order, and cohesion.
* How different social instituitions work together to create order and social stability in society (main idea)
*examines the regulations of shared values and norms that passed on to children
*schooling is regulated by reproducing certain socialized, racalized, and gendered aspects through childhood development (this is what children see acceptable at the time)

Question 5

How did the Quiet Revolution affect the Quebec education system?

Answer 5

Standardized the education system and reduced the influence of the church.
* this was done through the change in political, religious, and cultural changes that occurred under the liberal parties to become more inclusive of the french community

Question 6

What were the effects of Indian Residential Schools on Indigenous peoples?

Answer 6

Assimilation, destruction of culture and family structure (enforces euroncentric values, beliefs, norms), and prevalence of intergenerational trauma.
* made it mandatory for individuals of ages 7 to age 15 to attend these schools (done through the creation of the indian act)

Question 7

What are manifest and latent functions of education?

Answer 7

Manifest education: intended lessons
* these are the set lessons from lesson plans, circulums, things that are instructed directly through classes
Latent education: unintended lessons.
* these are the development of values and skills through routines and practices

Question 8

What is the fuctionalist perspective in terms of manifest education

Answer 8

Through a public consensus of what should and shouldn’t be taught within the circiculum in a school setting.
*focuses on how social order is created to create harmony in society

Question 9

What do Weberian perspectives in manifest education?

Answer 9

the use of rationalization and standardization lead to rigorous bureaucracies that limit the impact of public discourse (how the processes to change different education are lengthy and strict).
* this focuses on the standardized processes that form education that are not actually influences by the publics input and discourses

Question 10

What do conflict theorists perspectives in terms of manifest education?

Answer 10

Curricula are the outcome of powerful interests prevailing over others.
* this focuses on how the type of information that is presented through an education systems tends to be the outcomes of more powerful interests

Question 11

What issues do Indigenous students face in formal education?

Answer 11

Less funding for schools on reserve, need to leave home communities for secondary school, and lack of representation in curricula.

Question 12

What is the hidden curriculum?

Answer 12

Latent education; unintended lessons taught in school.

Question 13

What is the functionalists perspectives in terms of latent learning?

Answer 13

Teaches important social values like competition and universalism.
* displays that competition is shown by student competing against each other for aspects such as grades and awards
* this observes the forms of behaviours that are favoured and rewarded within the work place

Question 14

How do conflict theorists perspectives in terms of Latent education

Answer 14

Promotes capitalism and values that maintain social inequalities.
* this examines how the education system maintains and teaches certain inequalities that we do not see
* suggests that we tend to favour passivity and docility
*examines how the top-down structure is taught through education systems

Question 15

What are the feminist approaches in terms of Latent learning

Answer 15

Attributing gender ideals to fields of study maintains inequalities between male and female students.
*examines how male students are treats and are expected to behave versus females
* the differences in what each genders score grades get them throughout life

Question 16

Fill in the blank: The _______ Act of 1967 was significant in the development of education in Canada.

Answer 16

Constitution

Question 17

True or False: In the 1950s, more than 50% of Canadians had a grade 9 education.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

What percentage of Canadians had a grade 9 education by the present day?

Answer 18

95%

Question 19

What was the impact of eugenics science in textbooks?

Answer 19

It reflected racialized, classed, gendered, and sexualized anxieties about children’s development.

Question 20

What form of culture most expresses Latent education

Answer 20

it is most common reproduction of social inequalities towards indigenous peoples

Question 21

What is the connection between socialization and social inequality?

Answer 21

Socialization influences social inequality along axes of gender, sexuality, class, and ethnicity.

These axes interact to shape individuals’ experiences and opportunities in society.

Question 22

What are selection, stratification, and diversification in Canadian education systems?

Answer 22

Selection refers to grouping students based on ability, stratification involves the resulting inequality in student outcomes, and diversification pertains to the differentiation of educational programs.

These concepts illustrate how education systems categorize and impact students.

Question 23

How do symbolic interactionists view the learning processes in education?

Answer 23

They inquire into how young people embody certain ways of being through socialization processes.
* focuses on how learning processes work and how people develop certain identities through these socialization methods
*this focuses on how people use social structures to define themselves (this is the representation of symbols and what they stand for in society)
*We represent ourselves through symbols of race, sexuality, and gender to play out our every day lives

This perspective emphasizes the importance of social interactions in shaping identity.

Question 24

What did Martin (1998) study regarding preschools?

Answer 24

Martin studied how preschools gender children through various practices.
* her study showed that there is always genderization is always happening in the classroom setting and that is mostly happens to females

This includes behaviors like dressing up, controlling voice, and physical interactions.

Question 25

What is heteronormativity in the education system?

Answer 25

Heteronormativity refers to the presumption that heterosexuality is the norm, influencing school architecture, dress codes, and curricula. ## Footnote This can marginalize LGBTQ2SI+ youth and privilege heterosexual identities.

Question 26

What are concerted cultivation and natural growth parenting styles?

Answer 26

Concerted cultivation is a middle-class parenting style valued in schools, while natural growth is a working-class style that is not rewarded. ## Footnote Lareau (2003) highlighted the impact of these styles on children's interactions with teachers.

Question 27

What is the impact of curricula on student identity and perception?

Answer 27

Curricula can influence how students interpret themselves and their communities, with potential perpetuation of ethnic inequality. ## Footnote Africentric and Indigenous schools have been developed to combat Eurocentric education.

Question 28

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 28

Stereotype threat occurs when an individual's academic performance is hindered due to fear of confirming a negative stereotype. ## Footnote This fear can relate to racial or gender identities.

Question 29

What is credentialism in the context of post-secondary education?

Answer 29

Credentialism is the belief that formal qualifications are the best measure of aptitude. ## Footnote This belief has led to increased emphasis on post-secondary education in the knowledge economy.

Question 30

What changes have occurred in universities and colleges?

Answer 30

Changes include diversification in educational programs, selection based on ability, and stratification of student outcomes. ## Footnote These changes reflect evolving demands in the education system.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: The education system often utilizes a _______ logic that can marginalize LGBTQ2SI+ youth.

Answer 31

heteronormative

Question 32

True or False: The middle-class parenting style is less valued in children's schools compared to the working-class parenting style.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

What is one way to combat Eurocentric education in Canada?

Answer 33

Developing Africentric and Indigenous schools. ## Footnote These initiatives aim to provide more equitable educational experiences.

Question 34

what is a social institution

Answer 34

some broader structure that consists of some pattern of norms, values, or social relationships that are produced in society to achieve broader goals of society

Question 35

What are the impacts of changing the education systems

Answer 35

* changes the structure of the school setting and the overall classroom set up

Question 36

Historically how were schools tended to be set up?

Answer 36

*they used to be organize classes based on students abilities and not their ages as in current times *historically, knowledge was also passed down through less formal ways of teaching (no education was needed for certain careers)

Question 37

What were the main different that occured in education after the industrial revolution

Answer 37

* become more government involved/controlled * learning became more structuralized *teachers became more trained

Question 38

How did education become a social instituition in Canada?

Answer 38

* more complex/formal knowledge needed to be taught as skills in workplaces became more demanding *Different government scripts were developed to improve these organization of education *teachers became more trained * local developments of circulums occurred * attendance became a requirement

Question 39

What is Eugenics

Answer 39

teaches children the relationships between different race ideas and what we see as a set of values in terms of are accepted * this produces certain behvaiours that we connnect to the different genetics that one inherits

Question 40

What differences were produced in the education systems after the quite revolutions in Quebec?

Answer 40

* there was a decline in differences among English and French schools in terms of passing grades and post secondary school enterence opportunities * this lead education systems to become more standardized within the government *public school system became more accessible to the entire nation

Question 41

What is standardization in terms of manifest education

Answer 41

the procedures that we have to go through to make policy changes

Question 42

What are down falls to latent education?

Answer 42

* schools on the reserves receive less funding * indigenous peoples values, beliefs, and languages are still undermined in education systems

Question 42

What is rationalization in terms of manifest education

Answer 42

the idea that society makes decisions based reasons rather than conditions and customs

Question 43

How is symbolic interactionist perspectives represented in education systems (latent education styles in particular)?

Answer 43

that are used to examine what children are taught that represents gender, race, economic stances, and sexuality and how children reproduce these symbols in expression of their own identity through aspects of socialization in education settings

Question 44

what was the conditions that must be used to support heteronormativity studies in school

Answer 44

* this relies on the fact that ones sex at birth will fully align with their gender identity and gendered performances * the assumption that is made also is that heterosexual relationships and expressions are normal and tend to be reproduced through different institutions

Question 45

What is the importance of antihomophobical education?

Answer 45

* the purpose of this is to change opinions and beliefs and not the broader structures of our heteronormative logic and structures

Question 46

What are the characterisitics of Concerted cultivation

Answer 46

when parents actively manage a child's development through schedules formal activites an the promotion of the use of oral dialoge

Question 47

What are the results of concerted cultivation parenting type?

Answer 47

* these children tend to be more comfortable with interacting with authority figures *tend to display more characteristics of being assertive and entitled * Strong communication skills *able to think more abstractly and use critical analysis

Question 48

What are the characterisitics of the natural growth parenting style

Answer 48

this is a type of parenting style that uses heirarchy and obbedance

Question 49

What are the results of the natural growth parenting type?

Answer 49

* children tend to accept authority while feeling more powerless *these children know how to follow direction without being directly instructed

Question 50

What has been the change in the post secondary education system following around the early 1980s

Answer 50

* Woman tended to have higher graduation and enrollment rates *a larger increase in individuals in visual minorities

Question 51

Define Knowledge economy

Answer 51

this is the idea that many jobs involved computerization and the input of larger data amounts and analysis of this inputted data

Question 52

Define credentialism

Answer 52

the belief that the best way we can measure intelligence or our abilities to do a job is through formal qualifications * this includes having a degree or certificate * these are credentials that are needed in order to get a professional employment

Question 53

What is vertical differentation

Answer 53

this is the idea that some institutions will hve different requirements or standards

Question 54

What is horizontal differentiation

Answer 54

this is the idea that there are new areas or studies and fields that could be learned about *this is the idea that these feilds are more specialized towards certain skills or career paths

Question 55

What is selection in terms of diversity

Answer 55

this is the study of ways that inequalities are reproduced or produced through the education systems as a result of differences within students