Chapter 8 - Eating and Sleep-wake Disorders

Question 1

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 1

Out-of-control eating episodes (binges) followed by self-induced vomitting, excessive use of laxatives, or other attempts to purge (get rid of) the food.

Question 2

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 2

Person only eats minimal amounts of food or excersies vigorously to offset food intake so body weight sometimes drops dangerously.

Question 3

Obesity

Answer 3

One of the most dangerous epidemics confronting public health authorities around the world today.

Question 4

Purging techniques

Answer 4

Include self-induced vomitting immediately after eating, using laxatives (drugs that relieve constipation), and diuretics (drugs that result in loss fluids through greatly increased frequency of urination)

Question 5

Purging type

Answer 5

Vomiting, laxatives, and diuretics

Question 6

Nonpurging type

Answer 6

Fasting and/or exercise

Question 7

BMI considered starvation

Answer 7

16 or less

Question 8

Two types of Anorexia nervosa

Answer 8

1. Restricting type - individuals diet to limit calories intake
2. Binge-eating-purging type - rely on purging, bingeing on smaller amounts of food and purging more consistently.

Question 9

Medical signs & Symptoms with Anorexia

Answer 9

• Dry skin
• Brittle hair or nails
• Sensitivity or intolerance of cold temperatures
• See lanugo - downy hair on the limbs and cheeks
• Cardiovascular problems such as chronically low blood pressure and heart rate
• if vomitting is part of the aneroxia, electrolyte imbalance can result cardiac and kidney problems.

Question 10

Binge Eating Disorder

Answer 10

Recurrent episodes of binge eating

Question 11

Prevalence of Eating Disorders in North America

Answer 11

Varies amongst minority populations, including African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asians.

Question 12

Major risks factors for eating disorders

Answer 12

• Being overweight
• Higher social class
• acculturation to the majority

Question 13

Anabolic-androgenic steriods

Answer 13

Men use to increase muscle mass and “bulk up” possessing distorted attitudes toward muscles, weight, and the “ideal man” and it leads them to unhealthy substances and other serious problems like binge eating and other drug addictions.

Question 14

Failure to thrive syndrome

Answer 14

Toddlers whose growth and development are severly retarded due to inadequate nutrition.

Question 15

Junk Food Rats Study

Answer 15

• Began feeding rats junk food instead of pellets
• Then withdrew the junk food but not the pellets
• Observation of brain function of rats who never had junk food, it was clear that the that these rats became extremely stressed and anxious.
• The “junk food” rats began eating more of the pellets to relieve the stress
• Thus, repeated cycles of “dieting” seems to produce stress-related withdrawal symptoms in the brain, much like addictive substances, resulting in more eating than would have occurred without dieting.

Question 16

Reverse Anorexia nervosa

Answer 16

Syndrome in men that are concerned about looking small even though they were muscular.

Question 17

Biological Processes in Eating disorders

Answer 17

• Low levels of serotonin activity are associated with impulsivity and generally binge eating (most drugs used for eating disorders target the serotonin system.

*Strong assocaitions between ovarian hormones and dysregulated or impulsive eating in women prone to binge eating episodes

*Emotional eating behavior (eating to relieve stress or anxiety) and binge eating frequencies peaked in the postovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle for all women whether they binged or not during other phase of their cycle.

• Strong association between the onset of bulimia and puberty, specuate that the onset of puberty and asscoiated hormonal changes may “turn on” certain hormone responsive risk genes in women prone to binge eating to begin with becuase they possess these genetic patterns.
• Reduced levels of leptin, a hormone acting in the hypothalamus to produce the feeling of fullness (and therefore keep people from overeating) might be associated with excessive efforts to keep weight down and therefore lead to increases in the reinforcing value of food and possibly binge-eating.

Question 18

Two forms of maladaptive eating patterns in people who are obsese

Answer 18

1. Binge eating
2. Night eating syndrome

Question 19

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

Answer 19

Brain circuit in the limbic system involved with our dream sleep

Question 20

Two Major categories of sleep-wake disorders

Answer 20

1. Dyssomnias
2. Parasomnias

Question 21

Dyssomnias

Answer 21

Involve difficulties in getting enough sleep, problems with sleeping when you want to (not being able to fall sleep until 2am when you have a 9am class), and complaints about the quality of sleep, such as feeling refreshed even though you have slept the whole night.

Question 22

Parasomnias

Answer 22

Characterized by abnormal behavioral or psychological events that occur during sleep, such as nightmares and sleep walking.

Question 23

Polysomnographic Evaluation

Answer 23

The clearest and most comprehensive picture of your sleep habits

Question 24

Electroencephalogram

Answer 24

Brain wave activity

Question 25

Electrooculogram

Answer 25

Eye movement measurement

Question 26

Electromyogram

Answer 26

Muscle movement measurment

Question 27

Electrocardiogram

Answer 27

Heart activity measurement

Question 28

Actigraph

Answer 28

Wrist-watch sized device that records the number of arm movements and the data can be downloaded into a computer to determine the length and quality of sleep

Question 29

Microsleeps

Answer 29

Falling asleep for a period of several seconds (occurs so quickly that people who have an episode might not even realize they have fallen asleep (can occur at any time of day, not just at night.

Question 30

Insomnia disorder (primary insomnia)

Answer 30

Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting good quality sleep.

Question 31

Periodic limb movement disorder

Answer 31

Excessive jerky leg movements

Question 32

Rebound insomnia

Answer 32

Sleep problems reappear, sometimes worse – may occur when medication is withdrawn.

Question 33

Hypersomnolence disorder

Answer 33

Involves sleeping too much (hyper means “in great amount” or “abnormal excess”

Question 34

Sleep Apnea

Answer 34

Breathing related sleep disorder

People with this problem have difficulty breathing at night, snore loudly, pause between breaths, and wake in the morning with a dry mouth and a headache.

Question 35

Narcolepsy

Answer 35

Chronic sleep disorder that causes oveerwhleming daytime drowsiness.

Question 36

Cataplexy

Answer 36

Sudden loss of muscle tone

Can occur when person is awake and can range from slight weakness in the facial muscles to complete physical collapse.

Question 37

Isolated Sleep Paralysis

Answer 37

Sleep paralysis commonly co-occurs with anxiety disorders.

Question 38

Sleep Paralysis

Answer 38

A brief period after awakening when they can’t move or speak that is often frightening to those who go through it.

Question 39

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Answer 39

Vivid and often terrifying experiences that begin at the start of sleep and are said to be unbelievably realistic because they include not only visual aspects but also touch, hearing, and even the sensation of body movement.

Question 40

Breathing related sleep disorders

Answer 40

People whose breathing is interrupted during their sleep often experience numerous brief arousals throughout the night and do not feel rested even after 8 or 9 hours asleep.

Question 41

Hypoventilation

Answer 41

Breathing is constricted a great deal and may be labored

Question 42

Sleep apnea

Answer 42

Short periods (10 to 30 seconds) when they stop breathing altogether

Question 43

Sleep attacks

Answer 43

Episodes of falling asleep during the day with no resulting feeling of being rested

Question 44

Obstructed sleep hypopnea syndrome

Answer 44

Occurs when airflow stops despite continued activity by the respiratory system

Reported snoring at night

Question 45

Central sleep apnea

Answer 45

Involves the complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods and is often associated with certain central nervous system disorders, such as cerebral vascular disease, head trauma, and degenerative disorders.

Wake up frequently during the night but they tend not to report excessive daytime sleepiness and often are not aware of having a serious breathing problem

Question 46

Sleep-related hypoventilation

Answer 46

A decrease in airflow without a complete pause in breathing, causing an increase in carbon dioxide (Co2) levels, because insufficient air is exchanged with the environment

Question 47

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

Answer 47

Characterized by disturbed sleep (either insomnia or excessive sleepiness during the day) brought on the by the brain’s inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current patterns of day and night.

Question 48

Supra chiasmatic nucleus

Answer 48

Biological clock in the hypothalamus that connects to a pathway from our eyes. The light we see in the morning and the decreasing light at night signal the brain to reset the biological clock each day.

Question 49

Delayed sleep phase type

Answer 49

Extreme night owls, people who stay up late and sleep late

sleep is delayed to there is a later than normal bedtime

Question 50

Advanced sleep phase type

Answer 50

Early to bed and early to rise

Question 51

Irregular sleep-wake type

Answer 51

People who experience highly varied sleep cycles

Question 52

non-24-hour sleep-wake type

Answer 52

Sleeping on a -25 or 26-hour cycle with later and later bedtimes ultimately going throughout the day)

Question 53

Melantonin

Answer 53

Hormone produced by the pineal gland in the center of the brain that contributes to the setting of our biological clocks that tell us when to sleep

Question 54

Nightmares

Answer 54

Occur during REM or dream sleep

Question 55

Disorder of arousal

Answer 55

Includes a number of motor movements and behaviors during NREM sleep such as sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and incomplete awakening.

Question 56

Sleep terrors

Answer 56

Most commonly afflict children, usually begin with a piercing scream.

Question 57

Sleep walking (aka Somnambulism)

Answer 57

occurs during NREM sleep

Question 58

Nocturnal eating syndrome

Answer 58

When individuals rise from their beds and eat while they are still asleep

Question 59

Sexomnia

Answer 59

Acting out sexual behaviors such as masturbation and sexual intercourse with no memory of the event