Chapter 7 - Mood Disorders and Suicide Flashcards
Mood Disorders
Characterized by gross deviations in mood
*Depressive Disorders
*Affective Disorders
*Depressive Neuroses
Major Depressive Episode
The most commonly diagnosed and most severe depression.
Cognitive symptoms and disturbed physical functions
Anhedonia
Loss of energy and inability to engage in pleasurable activities or have any fun
Mania
The second fundamental state in mood disorders is exaggerated elation, joy, or euphoria.
Hypomanic Episode
A less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and need last only 4 days rather than a full week.
Hypo means below, thus the episode is below the level of a manic episode
Mixed Features
An individual experiencing mania symptoms but feel somewhat depressed or anxious at the same time, or depressed with a few symptoms of mania.
Major Depressive Disorder
Defined by the presence of depression and the absence of manic or hypomanic episodes before or during the disorder.
Recurrent
Two or more major depressive episodes occurred and were separated by at least 2 months during which the individual was not depressed.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
It shares many of the symptoms of major depressive disorder but differs in course, but depression remains relatively unchanged over long periods, sometimes 20 to 30 years.
Double Depression
Individuals who suffer from both major depressive disorders and persistent depression with fewer symptoms.
Specifiers Psychologists use to describe depressive disorders
- Psychotic features specifiers (mood-congruent or mood-incongruent)
- Anxious distress specifier (mild to severe)
- Mixed features specifier
- Melancholic features specifier
- Atypical features specifier
- Catatonic features specifier
- Peripartum Onset specifier
- Seasonal pattern specifier
Psychotic features specifier
Some individuals during a major depressive (or manic) episode experience psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions)
*Somatic delusions - believing that bodies are rotting internally and deteriorating into nothingness.
*Auditory hallucinations - hearing voices telling them how evil and sinful they are
[MOOD-CONGRUENT]
*Delusions of grandeur - believing that they are supernatural or supremely gifted
[MOOD-INCONGRUENT]
Anxious Distress specifier
Presence and severity of accompanied anxiety, either in the form of comorbid anxiety disorder or anxiety symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for a disorder.
Mixed features specifier
Predominantly depressive episodes have several (at least three) symptoms of mania which applies to depressive episodes both within major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.
Melancholic features specifier
This applies only if the full criteria for a major depressive episode have been met, whether in the context of a persistent depressive disorder or not.d
Catatonic features specifier
It can be applied to major depressive episodes, whether they occur in the context of a persistent depressive order or not, and even to manic episodes. However, it is rare - and rarer still in mania. (This serious condition involves an absence of movement)
Catalepsy - muscles are waxy and semirigid, so the patient’s arms and legs remain in the position they are placed
Atypical features specifier
It applies to both depressive episodes, whether in the context of persistent depressive disorder or not. (Constantly oversleep and overeat during their depression and therefore gain weight, leading to a higher incidence of diabetes)
Peripartum onset specifier
This can apply to both major depressive and manic episodes.
Peri means “surrounding” in this case the period of time just before and just after the birth
Seasonal pattern specifier
Temporal specifier applies to recurrent major depressive disorder (and also to bipolar disorders). It accompanies episodes that occur during certain seasons (for example, winter depression)
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Integrated grief
The finality of death and its consequences are acknowledged and the individual adjusts to the loss of a loved one.
Often reoccurs at significant anniversaries, such as birthdays, holidays, and anniversaries of death
Complicated grief
Psychological and social factors related to mood disorders in general, including a history of past depressive episodes, predict the development of this syndrome.
Bipolar II disorder
Major depressive episodes alternate with hypomanic episodes rather than in full main episodes.
Bipolar I disorder
Individual experiences a full manic episode
Cyclothymic disorder
A milder but more chronic version of bipolar disorder
(chronic alternation of mood elevation and depression that does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes)
Rapid-cycling specifier
Some people move quickly in and out of depressive or manic episodes.
Rapid switching or rapid mood switching
Patients cycle between mania and depression without any break and are particularly treatment-resistant form of the disorder.
Learned helplessness theory of depression
People become anxious and depressed when they decide that they have no control over the stress in their lives.
Depressive attribution styles
- internal - the individual attributes negative events to personal failings (it is all my fault)
- stable - even after the particular negative event passes, the attribution that “additional bad things will always be my fault.” remains
- global - that the attributions extend across a variety of issues.
Depressive cognitive triad
When people make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, their immediate world, and their future.
Deep-seated negative schema
After a series of negative events in childhood, individuals may develop an enduring negative cognitive belief system about some aspect of life.
Antidepressants
4 major:
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Mixed reuptake inhibitors
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
Mood-stabilizing drug
Effective in preventing and treating manic episodes
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Patients are anesthetized to reduce discomfort and given muscle-relaxing drugs to prevent bone breakage during convulsive seizures. Electric shock is administered directly through the brain for less than a second, producing a seizure and a series of brief convulsions that usually last a few minutes.
Cognitive Therapy
Clients are taught to examine carefully their thought processes while they are depressed and to recognize “depressive” errors in thinking.
Four Interpersonal issues
- dealing with interpersonal role disputes - such as marital conflict
- adjusting to the loss of a relationship - such as grief over the death of a loved one
- acquiring new relationships - such as getting married or establishing professional relationships
- identifying and correcting deficits in social skills - preventing a person from initiating or maintaining important relationships.
Stage of dispute
- Negotiation stage - both partners know it is a dispute and are trying to renegotiate it.
- Impasse stage - the dispute smolders beneath the surface and results in low-level resentment, but no attempts are made to resolve it.
- Resolution stage - the partners are taking some action, such as divorce, separation, or recommitting to the marriage.
Maintenance treatment
To prevent relapse or reoccurrence over the long term.
Suicidal ideation
thinking seriously about suicide
Suicidal plans
the formulation of a specific method for killing oneself
Suicidal attempts
The person survives
Altruistic suicide
An individual who brought dishonor to himself or his family
Egoistic suicide
The loss of social support as a provocation for suicide
Anomic suicide
The result of marked disruptions, such as the sudden loss of a high-prestige job
(Anomie if feeling lost and confused)
Fatalistic suicide
Result from the loss of control over one’s own identity
Psychological autopsy
The psychological profile of the person who committed suicide is reconstructed through extensive interviews with friends and family members who are likely to know what the individual was thinking and doing in the period before death.
