Chapter 7 - Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

Mood Disorders

Answer 1

Characterized by gross deviations in mood

*Depressive Disorders
*Affective Disorders
*Depressive Neuroses

Question 2

Major Depressive Episode

Answer 2

The most commonly diagnosed and most severe depression.

Cognitive symptoms and disturbed physical functions

Question 3

Anhedonia

Answer 3

Loss of energy and inability to engage in pleasurable activities or have any fun

Question 4

Mania

Answer 4

The second fundamental state in mood disorders is exaggerated elation, joy, or euphoria.

Question 5

Hypomanic Episode

Answer 5

A less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning and need last only 4 days rather than a full week.

Hypo means below, thus the episode is below the level of a manic episode

Question 6

Mixed Features

Answer 6

An individual experiencing mania symptoms but feel somewhat depressed or anxious at the same time, or depressed with a few symptoms of mania.

Question 7

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 7

Defined by the presence of depression and the absence of manic or hypomanic episodes before or during the disorder.

Question 8

Recurrent

Answer 8

Two or more major depressive episodes occurred and were separated by at least 2 months during which the individual was not depressed.

Question 9

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Answer 9

It shares many of the symptoms of major depressive disorder but differs in course, but depression remains relatively unchanged over long periods, sometimes 20 to 30 years.

Question 10

Double Depression

Answer 10

Individuals who suffer from both major depressive disorders and persistent depression with fewer symptoms.

Question 11

Specifiers Psychologists use to describe depressive disorders

Answer 11

1. Psychotic features specifiers (mood-congruent or mood-incongruent)
2. Anxious distress specifier (mild to severe)
3. Mixed features specifier
4. Melancholic features specifier
5. Atypical features specifier
6. Catatonic features specifier
7. Peripartum Onset specifier
8. Seasonal pattern specifier

Question 12

Psychotic features specifier

Answer 12

Some individuals during a major depressive (or manic) episode experience psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions)

*Somatic delusions - believing that bodies are rotting internally and deteriorating into nothingness.
*Auditory hallucinations - hearing voices telling them how evil and sinful they are
[MOOD-CONGRUENT]

*Delusions of grandeur - believing that they are supernatural or supremely gifted
[MOOD-INCONGRUENT]

Question 13

Anxious Distress specifier

Answer 13

Presence and severity of accompanied anxiety, either in the form of comorbid anxiety disorder or anxiety symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for a disorder.

Question 14

Mixed features specifier

Answer 14

Predominantly depressive episodes have several (at least three) symptoms of mania which applies to depressive episodes both within major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.

Question 14

Melancholic features specifier

Answer 14

This applies only if the full criteria for a major depressive episode have been met, whether in the context of a persistent depressive disorder or not.d

Question 15

Catatonic features specifier

Answer 15

It can be applied to major depressive episodes, whether they occur in the context of a persistent depressive order or not, and even to manic episodes. However, it is rare - and rarer still in mania. (This serious condition involves an absence of movement)

Catalepsy - muscles are waxy and semirigid, so the patient’s arms and legs remain in the position they are placed

Question 16

Atypical features specifier

Answer 16

It applies to both depressive episodes, whether in the context of persistent depressive disorder or not. (Constantly oversleep and overeat during their depression and therefore gain weight, leading to a higher incidence of diabetes)

Question 17

Peripartum onset specifier

Answer 17

This can apply to both major depressive and manic episodes.

Peri means “surrounding” in this case the period of time just before and just after the birth

Question 18

Seasonal pattern specifier

Answer 18

Temporal specifier applies to recurrent major depressive disorder (and also to bipolar disorders). It accompanies episodes that occur during certain seasons (for example, winter depression)

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Question 19

Integrated grief

Answer 19

The finality of death and its consequences are acknowledged and the individual adjusts to the loss of a loved one.

Often reoccurs at significant anniversaries, such as birthdays, holidays, and anniversaries of death

Question 20

Complicated grief

Answer 20

Psychological and social factors related to mood disorders in general, including a history of past depressive episodes, predict the development of this syndrome.

Question 21

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 21

Major depressive episodes alternate with hypomanic episodes rather than in full main episodes.

Question 22

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 22

Individual experiences a full manic episode

Question 23

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 23

A milder but more chronic version of bipolar disorder
(chronic alternation of mood elevation and depression that does not reach the severity of manic or major depressive episodes)

Question 24

Rapid-cycling specifier

Answer 24

Some people move quickly in and out of depressive or manic episodes.

Question 25

Rapid switching or rapid mood switching

Answer 25

Patients cycle between mania and depression without any break and are particularly treatment-resistant form of the disorder.

Question 26

Learned helplessness theory of depression

Answer 26

People become anxious and depressed when they decide that they have no control over the stress in their lives.

Question 27

Depressive attribution styles

Answer 27

• internal - the individual attributes negative events to personal failings (it is all my fault)
• stable - even after the particular negative event passes, the attribution that “additional bad things will always be my fault.” remains
• global - that the attributions extend across a variety of issues.

Question 28

Depressive cognitive triad

Answer 28

When people make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, their immediate world, and their future.

Question 29

Deep-seated negative schema

Answer 29

After a series of negative events in childhood, individuals may develop an enduring negative cognitive belief system about some aspect of life.

Question 30

Antidepressants

Answer 30

4 major:

1. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
2. Mixed reuptake inhibitors
3. Tricyclic antidepressants
4. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

Question 31

Mood-stabilizing drug

Answer 31

Effective in preventing and treating manic episodes

Question 32

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Answer 32

Patients are anesthetized to reduce discomfort and given muscle-relaxing drugs to prevent bone breakage during convulsive seizures. Electric shock is administered directly through the brain for less than a second, producing a seizure and a series of brief convulsions that usually last a few minutes.

Question 33

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 33

Clients are taught to examine carefully their thought processes while they are depressed and to recognize “depressive” errors in thinking.

Question 34

Four Interpersonal issues

Answer 34

1. dealing with interpersonal role disputes - such as marital conflict
2. adjusting to the loss of a relationship - such as grief over the death of a loved one
3. acquiring new relationships - such as getting married or establishing professional relationships
4. identifying and correcting deficits in social skills - preventing a person from initiating or maintaining important relationships.

Question 35

Stage of dispute

Answer 35

1. Negotiation stage - both partners know it is a dispute and are trying to renegotiate it.
2. Impasse stage - the dispute smolders beneath the surface and results in low-level resentment, but no attempts are made to resolve it.
3. Resolution stage - the partners are taking some action, such as divorce, separation, or recommitting to the marriage.

Question 36

Maintenance treatment

Answer 36

To prevent relapse or reoccurrence over the long term.

Question 37

Suicidal ideation

Answer 37

thinking seriously about suicide

Question 38

Suicidal plans

Answer 38

the formulation of a specific method for killing oneself

Question 39

Suicidal attempts

Answer 39

The person survives

Question 40

Altruistic suicide

Answer 40

An individual who brought dishonor to himself or his family

Question 41

Egoistic suicide

Answer 41

The loss of social support as a provocation for suicide

Question 42

Anomic suicide

Answer 42

The result of marked disruptions, such as the sudden loss of a high-prestige job

(Anomie if feeling lost and confused)

Question 43

Fatalistic suicide

Answer 43

Result from the loss of control over one’s own identity

Question 44

Psychological autopsy

Answer 44

The psychological profile of the person who committed suicide is reconstructed through extensive interviews with friends and family members who are likely to know what the individual was thinking and doing in the period before death.