Chapter 8 - Early Childhood

Question 1

The child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self-conceptions.

Answer 1

Self-understanding

Question 2

Important aspect of development.

Answer 2

Regulating emotion

Question 3

Involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

Answer 3

Moral development

Question 4

It is the first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.

Answer 4

Heteronomous Morality

Question 5

They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.

Answer 5

Autonomous Morality

Question 6

The concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.

Answer 6

Immanent justice

Question 7

Refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development we have described so far—moral thought, feeling, and behavior.

Answer 7

Conscience

Question 8

Refers to the characteristics of people as males and females.

Answer 8

Gender

Question 9

Involves a sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

Answer 9

Gender Identity

Question 10

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

Answer 10

Gender roles

Question 11

Refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. For example, fighting is more characteristic of a traditional masculine role and crying is more characteristic of a traditional feminine role.

Answer 11

Gender typing

Question 12

States that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men.

Answer 12

Social role theory

Question 13

Stems from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

Answer 13

Psychoanalytic theory of gender

Question 14

Children’s gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior.

Answer 14

Social cognitive theory of gender

Question 15

States that gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture.

Answer 15

Gender schema theory

Question 16

A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

Answer 16

Authoritarian parenting

Question 17

Encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions.

Answer 17

Authoritative parenting

Question 18

A style of parenting in which the parent is uninvolved in the child’s life; this style is associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.

Answer 18

Neglectful parenting

Question 19

A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Associated with children’s social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.

Answer 19

Indulgent parenting

Question 20

The support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.

Answer 20

Coparenting

Question 21

Characterized by the infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child.

Answer 21

Physical abuse

Question 22

Characterized by failure to provide for the child’s basic needs.

Answer 22

Child neglect

Question 23

Includes fondling a child’s genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials.

Answer 23

Sexual abuse

Question 24

Includes acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems.

Answer 24

Emotional abuse (psychological/verbal abuse/mental injury)

Question 25

A pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake, and its functions and forms vary.

Answer 25

Play

Question 26

Behavior by infants that lets them derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes.

Answer 26

Sensorimotor play

Question 27

Involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

Answer 27

Practice play

Question 28

Occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

Answer 28

Pretense/symbolic play

Question 29

Involves interaction with peers.

Answer 29

Social play

Question 30

Combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.

Answer 30

Constructive play

Question 31

Activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition.

Answer 31

Game