Chapter 7 - Early Childhood

Question 1

Absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the
pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.

Answer 1

Growth hormone deficiency

Question 2

Nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells

Answer 2

Myelination

Question 3

Simple movements, such as hopping, jumping, and running back and forth, just for the sheer delight of performing these activities.

Answer 3

Gross motor skills

Question 4

The ability to pick up the tiniest objects between their thumb and forefinger for some time, they are still somewhat clumsy at it.

Answer 4

Fine motor skill

Question 5

A development that allows the child to move their eyes efficiently across a series of letters.

Answer 5

Perceptual development

Question 6

Important for children’s development

Answer 6

Sleep

Question 7

Extreme daytime sleepiness

Answer 7

Narcolepsy

Question 8

Difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep

Answer 8

Insomnia

Question 9

Where children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings, and symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory information and physical action; stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, egocentrism is present, and magical beliefs are constructed.

Answer 9

Preoperational stage

Question 10

These are reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically.

Answer 10

Operations

Question 11

Piaget’s first substage of preoperational thought, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (between about 2 and 4 years of age).

Answer 11

Symbolic function substage

Question 12

The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective.

Answer 12

Egocentrism

Question 13

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.

Answer 13

Animism

Question 14

This is the second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age. In this substage, children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions.

Answer 14

The intuitive thought substage

Question 15

Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

Answer 15

Centration

Question 16

In Piaget’s theory, awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties.

Answer 16

Conservation

Question 17

Another developmental theory that focuses on children’s cognition

Answer 17

Vygotsky’s theory

Question 18

The range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.

Answer 18

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 19

Limit of the ZPD is the level of skill reached by the child working independently.

Answer 19

Lower limit

Question 20

Level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor.

Answer 20

Upper limit

Question 21

Changing the level of support

Answer 21

Scaffolding

Question 22

An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and asserts that knowledge is mutually built and constructed. Vygotsky’s theory reflects this approach.

Answer 22

Social constructivist approach

Question 23

Focusing of mental resources on select information.

Answer 23

Attention

Question 24

Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

Answer 24

Executive attention

Question 25

Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.

Answer 25

Sustained attention

Question 26

The retention of information over time—is a central process in children’s cognitive development.

Answer 26

Memory

Question 27

An information that individuals can retain for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information.

Answer 27

Short-term memory

Question 28

An umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex

Answer 28

Executive function

Question 29

Refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

Answer 29

Theory of mind

Question 30

A process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.

Answer 30

Fast mapping

Question 31

Education that involves the whole child by considering both
the child’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child’s needs, interests, and learning styles.

Answer 31

Child-center kindergarten

Question 32

An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire.

Answer 32

Montessori approach

Question 33

Which is based on knowledge of the typical development of children within an age span (age-appropriateness), as well as the uniqueness of the child (individual-appropriateness).

Answer 33

Developmentally appropriate practice

Question 34

A government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success.

Answer 34

Project head start