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Biology Year 1 > Chapter 8 - DNA, Genes and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - DNA, Genes and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 characteristics DNA possesses

A
  • Universal
  • Non-overlapping
  • Degenerate
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2
Q

What is meant by DNA being universal

A

A triplet code of DNA based codes for the same amino acid in all living organisms
Eg GGT always codes for glycine

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3
Q

What is meant by DNA being non-overlapping

A

Each triplet code and gene is separate from each other, as each nucleotide/base is part of only one triplet codon

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4
Q

What is meant by DNA being degenerate

A

The same amino acid can be coded for by more than one triplet

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5
Q

What is meant by genome

A

The complete set of genes in a cell/organism

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6
Q

What is meant by proteome

A

The full range of proteins that a cell can make

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7
Q

What does protein synthesis consist of

A

Transcription and translation

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8
Q

In simple terms what happens in transcription

A

DNA is converted into mRNA

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9
Q

In simple terms what happens in translation

A

mRNA is concerted into amino acids/proteins/polypeptide

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10
Q

Describe DNA in eukaryotes

A
  • Long and linear
  • Double helix
  • Found In nucleus
  • Tightly folded around histones
  • Into chromosomes
  • Have introns
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11
Q

Describe DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts (in eukaryotes)

A
  • Have their own DNA
  • Same structure as prokaryotes
  • But have no plasmids
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12
Q

Describe the structure of DNA in prokaryotes

A
  • DNA is shorter and circular
  • No nucleus
  • No proteins/histones
  • Have plasmids (loops of DNA that are separate to main loop
  • No introns, so DNA is shorter
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13
Q

What is meant by a gene

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for a polypeptide/protein
Or
A functional RNA eg tRNA

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14
Q

What is meant by a locus

A

The location of a gene in a chromosome

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15
Q

What is meant by DNA triplet

A

Sequence of 3 DNA bases that code for a specific amino acids

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16
Q

What does not all DNA code for proteins

A

There are non-coding sections

17
Q

What are introns

A

Regions within a gene that don’t code for proteins

18
Q

What’s the difference between a triplet, codon and anticodon

A

Triplet - DNA
Codon - mRNA
Anticodon - tRNA

19
Q

What is meant by a homologous pair

A

Matching chromosomes

20
Q

What is an allele

A

A different version of a gene

21
Q

What is meant by splicing

A

Removing introns from pre-mRNA to create mRNA

22
Q

Describe the full process of transcription in eukaryotes

A

In folder

23
Q

Describe the full process of transcription in prokaryotes

A

Same, but no splicing as DNA goes straight to mRNA (no pre-mRNA)

24
Q

What is a codon

A

A universal triplet of based on mRNA coding for specific amino acids

25
Q

What is meant by an anticodon

A

A universal triplet of based on tRNA that is complementary to codon on mRNA

26
Q

Draw tRNA molecule

A

Clover shape
Amino acid at top
Anticodon at bottom

27
Q

Describe tRNA

A
  • Polynucleotide
  • Uracil not thymine
  • Folded by hydrogen bonds
  • Anticodon is specific to the amino acid it carries
28
Q

Explain translation

A

In folder

Biology Year 1 (10 decks)

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