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Biology Year 1 > Chapter 7 - Mass Transport > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Mass Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemoglobin

A
  • A quarter art structure protein
  • Found in red bloods cells
  • That transport oxygen, as oxygen associates with haemoglobin to cause oxyhaemoglobin
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2
Q

Explain the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A
  • Oxygen loads on to haemoglobin at a high partial pressure
  • Haemoglobin becomes saturated with oxygen
  • Oxygen disassociates at cells for respiration, so partial pressure falls
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3
Q

Draw the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Snapchat memories 15 nov

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4
Q

Describe and draw a graph showing the Bohr effect

A

Dissociation curve shift to the right

This means that at the same partial pressure, the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen is lower

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5
Q

Explain why the Bohr effect may occur

A
  • When an organism requires a lot of oxygen there is more CO2 in blood
  • This increase blood acidity and therefore reduces haemoglobin affinity for oxygen (grip)
  • Oxygen unloads more easily at respiring cells
  • This means haemoglobin is less oxygen saturated
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6
Q

What happens to the curve for mammals in an environment with a high oxygen concentration and explain why

A
  • Curve shifts right
  • Haemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen
  • Releases more oxygen at cells
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7
Q

What mammals find a shift to the right useful

A

Animals with a high SA:VOL

Because this means they need a high rate of respiration due to heat loss per gram of body

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8
Q

What happens to the curve for mammals in an environment with a low oxygen concentration

A
  • Curve shifts left
  • Haemoglobin has a higher definition for oxygen
  • There is a lower partial pressure in lungs
  • Thus haemoglobin is able to load oxygen at a lower partial pressure of oxygen
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9
Q

Adaptations of arteries

A
  • Elastic tissue
  • Thick muscular walls
  • Folded endothelium inside
  • Narrow lumen
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10
Q

What are arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the adaptations of arteries

A
  • They carry blood at high pressure due to the pump of the heart and narrow lumen
  • Elastic tissue and folded and endothelium can stretch or relax to maintain constant pressure
  • Thick muscles can contract to change flow of blood
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12
Q

What is it called when arteries contract and relax

A

Contract - Vascoconstriction

Relax - Vasodilation

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13
Q

What are veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

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14
Q

What are same adaptations of veins

A

Wide lumen
Thin muscles
Smooth endothelium
Valves

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15
Q

Why do veins have a wide lumen and a smooth endothelium

A

To reduce friction and thus create easier flow of blood

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16
Q

Why do veins have thin muscles

A

They don’t contract

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17
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

To prevent backflow of blood as blood is at a lower pressure

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18
Q

What are capillaries

A

Blood vessels that surround all cells to exchange gas and nutrients

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19
Q

Adaptations of capillaries

A
  • Thin endothelium (1 cell thick)
  • High surface area (due to number of them)
    Both increase rate of diffusion
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20
Q

Draw and label the heart (10 labels)

A

Snap memories 15 nov

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21
Q

What is the aorta and what does it do

A

Biggest artery

Carries oxygenated blood around the body

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22
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do

A

Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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23
Q

What is the vena cava and what does it do

A

Largest vein

Returns de-oxygenated blood to heart

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24
Q

What does pulmonary artery do

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

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25
Q

What do the right and left atria (atrium) do

A

Pump blood into ventricles

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26
Q

What does the left ventricle do and how is adapted for this

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around the body

Has a thick muscle to do this

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27
Q

What does the right ventricle do

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

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28
Q

What do atrioventricular valves do

A
  • open when pressure is higher in atria than in ventricle (known as atrio-systole )
  • They are uni-directional (one direction flow)
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29
Q

What is atrial systole

A

When muscles around atrium contract in order to pump blood into ventricles

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30
Q

What is atrial diastole

A

Where muscles around atria are relaxing and so atria are filling with blood

31
Q

What do semi-lunar valves do

A

Open when there is a higher pressure in ventricles than in blood vessels

32
Q

Explain how the heart beats

A
  • Atria contract (systole) because pressure is higher in atria than in ventricle
  • AV valves open and SL valves close
  • Ventricles contract because pressure is higher in ventricles than in blood vessels
  • AV valves close and SL valves open
  • Atrial diastole occurs at the same time (atria begin filling up)
  • Ventricle diastole then happens
33
Q

Cardiac cycle graphs

A

Watch tt video to understand, make notes, make flashcards

34
Q

What are the blood vessels that serve the heart called

A

Right and left coronary arteries

35
Q

What are the blood vessels that connect to the heart and kidneys called

A

Renal artery and renal vein

36
Q

What are 3 types of cardiovascular disease

A

Atheroma
Thrombosis
Aneurysm

37
Q

What is atheroma

A

A build up of fatty plaque in arteries

38
Q

What is thrombosis

A

A blood clot in arteries

39
Q

What is an aneurysm

A

When the stretchy endothelium balloons out through the muscle of an artery because it is weakened
This can lead to internal bleeding if it ruptures

40
Q

What can atheroma cause

A

Thrombosis or an aneurysm

41
Q

What can thrombosis lead to

A
  • Blocked arteries
  • If coronary arteries are blocked
  • Reduced blood flow and thus oxygen and glucose to heart
  • Leads to myocardial infarction (heart attack)
  • Heart can’t pump so cells can’t respire
42
Q

What is a myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

43
Q

What is an arteriole

A

A small branch of an artery leading to capillaries

44
Q

What is tissue fluid and it’s purpose

A

The fluid that bathes cells as it sits in intercellular spaces, and is the means by which materials are exchanged between blood and cells
It supplies cells with glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ions and oxygen, and receives CO2 and other waste materials from cells

45
Q

Explain the formation of tissue fluid

A

Use tt notes and textbook to research this properly

46
Q

What is transpiration

A

The evaporation of water from the leaves, through stomata

47
Q

What is meant by cohesion

A

The ability of water molecules to stick together as they are polar

48
Q

What are xylem

A

Hollow tubes in plants made of dead cells so there are no cells walls between cells

49
Q

What do xylem do

A

Transport water and minerals in an upward direction only

50
Q

What minerals are transported by xylem

A

Inorganic only (not containing carbon, so not glucose or amino acids for example)

51
Q

Explain cohesion tension theory in xylem

A

Water molecules are pulled up xylem

  • Transpiration of water through stomata (plant is photosynthesising)
  • Reduces water pressure at the top of xylem
  • Water in the xylem is pulled upwards creating tension, due to cohesion
  • Pulled up to leaves
52
Q

Why does transpiration only occur when the plant is photosynthesising

A

Stomata are open

53
Q

What are 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Humidity
Wind

54
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration

A

Higher temperatures increase it due to more evaporation

55
Q

How does light intensity effect the rate of transpiration

A
  • More stomata are open when light intensity is higher
  • Due to maximising gas exchange for photosynthesis
  • So that CO2 is not limiting factor
  • Increase rage of transpiration
56
Q

How do humidity and wind affect the rate of transpiration

A
  • Change water vapour gradient

- If the gradient is steeper (dry or windy), the rate will be faster

57
Q

What is a potometer used for

A

Measuring rate of transpiration

Research this and how it happens etc

58
Q

What are phloem made of

A

Living cells:

  • Sieve tube elements
  • Companion cells
59
Q

What are companion cells

A

Cells that support drive tube cells, and provide ATP

60
Q

What is meant by sieve elements

A

Sieve plates and sieve tube cells

62
Q

What are sieve tube cells

A

Hollow living cells that have few organelles to allow this

Eg has little cytoplasm

63
Q

What are sieve plates

A

Thin pores between sieve tube cells

65
Q

What is meant by mass flow/translocation

A

The movement of solutes from the source to the sink

66
Q

Why do companion cells need to provide ATP

A

Seive tube cells have no mitochondria

67
Q

What is meant by a source

A

The site of production of molecules

Often the leaves

68
Q

What are examples of solutes that are moved during translocation

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Inorganic ions
69
Q

Explain the mass flow theory in phloem

A
  • High concentrates of solutes at source
  • Active transport of solutes (using ATP against concentration gradient) from companion cells into sieve tube cell in phloem
  • Creates a more negative water potential in sieve tube cells
  • Water moves into phloem via osmosis, out of the xylem and companion cells
  • Creating a high hydrostatic pressure in phloem
  • Which forces water down to sink (carrying solutes)
  • Sink then uses, breaks down, stores or concerts the solutes into something else
  • This creates a low concentration of solutes at the sink
  • Therefore it’s water potential is increased
  • Water moves out of the phloem by osmosis, decreasing the hydrostatic pressure in phloem
70
Q

What evidence is there for mass flow/translocation

A
  • Radioactive isotope labelling

- Ringing experiments

71
Q

What is meant by radioactive isotope labelling as evidence for mass flow/translocation

A
  • Using C14 label
  • Grow plants in C14 atmosphere
  • Measure C14 as it moves down trunks/stem
72
Q

What is meant by ringing experiments as evidence for mass flow/translocation

A
  • Remove bark in a ring from the tree trunk (contains phloem not xylem)
  • Solutes can’t move up and down
  • Bulge forms above the ring
  • Fluid above the ring has more solutes than below
  • Suggesting that solutes are moving down
73
Q

What do I need to be aware of in terms of evidence for mass flow/translocation

A

The evidence is not fully understood and therefore may not be true
(Correlation not causation)

74
Q

What is meant by a sink

A

The places where molecules are used directly or stored for future use

78
Q

What do phloem do

A

The process of translocation/mass flow

Biology Year 1 (10 decks)

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