Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Year 1 > Chapter 10 - Selection (ch9) Adaptation Amd Taxonomy > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Selection (ch9) Adaptation Amd Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is directional selection

A

When individuals with an extreme type of characteristic are more likely to survive and reproduce when there is a change in environmental conditions eg antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain the example of antibiotic resistance as directional selection

A
  • Parent population is exposed to antibiotic
  • Only those with allele for resistance survive and reproduce
  • Allele passed on to offspring
  • Mean amount of antibiotic resistance changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Draw a graph representing directional selection

A

Folder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is stabilising selection

A

Where individuals with extreme types of characteristics are less likely to survive and reproduce
Eg birth weight of mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the example of birth weight of mammals as stabilising selection

A
  • Very heavy offspring likely to die due to birth complications
  • Very light offspring more likely to die by being cold due to high SA:Vol
  • Middle range most likely to survive
  • Mean remains the same but range reduces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Draw a graph representing stabilising selection

A

Folder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is meant by genetic diversity

A

The number of different alleles of a gene in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is meant by natural selection

A

Individuals in a population that are best suited to their environment (due to their alleles and therefore phenotypes) are more likely to survive and reproduce, and so pass on their alleles to next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by evolution

A

The change in allele frequency overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the process of evolution

A
  • Variation of alleles exists in a population
  • As a result of mutations
  • Natural selection occurs
  • Changes allele frequency as negative allele mutation will decrease and beneficial will increase
  • Over a long period of time (many generations)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does natural selection result in

A

Species being better adapted to their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptations

A

Anatomical
Physiological
Behavioural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is a species defined

A

Organisms are the same species if they can breed to produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is meant by taxonomy

A

The study of classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is meant by courtship behaviour

A

Behaviour where an animal attempts to attract a mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does courtship behaviour increase the chance of successful mating

A
  • Recognition if same species
  • Stimulate release of gametes
  • Recognise opposite sex
  • Indicates sexual maturity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an example of courtship behaviour

A

Birds singing or dancing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is phylogenetic classification

A

Arranging species into groups based on their evolutionary relatedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a family tree a type of

A

Hierarchy

20
Q

What is a hierarchy

A

A system that puts small groups within big groups, and there is no overlap between groups

21
Q

What is a level on a hierarchy called

A

A taxon

22
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic ranks

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
Dominant
Kinky
People
Can
Often
Find
Good
Sex
23
Q

How does the binomial naming system work

A 
First word - Genus
Starts with capital letter
Second word - Species
Lower case
Both words in italics or underlined
24
Q

What are the 3 domains

A

Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Archaea (prokaryotes)
Eukarya

25
Q

What does phylogenetics do

A

Tell us the evolutionary relationships of organism

26
Q

What are the 2 methods that can be used for phylogenetic classification

A

Genome sequencing

Immunology

28
Q

What is immunology

A
  • Seeing if same antibodies bind to a different species antigen
  • Because DNA > mRNA > Amino Acids > Proteins
  • Tertiary structure of protein tells us about sequence of DNA
  • If they bind they are more closely related
29
Q

What is meant by population

A

All organisms of one species within a habitat

30
Q

What is meant by a community

A

The population of all species in a habitat

31
Q

What is meant by biodiversity

A

The variety of species in area

32
Q

What is meant by species richness

A

The number of different species in an area

33
Q

What is meant by index of diversity

A

Describes the relationship between number of species in a community and the number of individuals of each species

34
Q

What is the formula for index of diversity

A

d = N x (N-1)/Sum of n x (n-1)

35
Q

What does d stand for in formula for index of diversity

A

Index of diversity

36
Q

What does N stand for in formula for index of diversity

A

Total number of organisms of all species

37
Q

What does n stand for in formula for index of diversity

A

Total number of organisms of each species

38
Q

List of effects of farming on biodiversity

A
  • Forests cleared
  • Hedgerows removed
  • Monoculture (fewer species of plants)
  • Herbicides and pesticides used
  • Fewer food sources for species
  • Fewer species of insects
  • Fewer habitats and niches
39
Q

What are examples of conservation

A
  • Encourage farmers not to clear hedgerows, forests etc..
  • Protect species by law (hunting)
  • Restrict urban development in areas of high biodiversity
40
Q

Why does it matter if biodiversity is reduced?

A

??

41
Q

What is the word for comparing genetic diversity within a species

A

Introspective

42
Q

What is the word for comparing genetic diversity between species

A

(Interspecific)

43
Q

What can be observed to compare genetic diversity within and between species

A
  • DNA sequence
  • mRNA
  • Amino acids sequence
  • Phenotypes
44
Q

What are ways that diversity/variation can be caused within a species

A
  • Genetic differences eg blood type

- Environmental differences eg nutrition

45
Q

Why is it crucial to have a large sample size when sampling a population

A
  • So that data is representative of whole population, which is needed for a statistical test
46
Q

Why should organisms be selected at random when sampling

A

To avoid bias

47
Q

What is meant by the standard deviation

A

The average variation of the data away from the mean

48
Q

What is genome sequencing

A
  • Comparing the order of the base sequence of genome of different species
  • Higher percentage match means the species are more closely related

Biology Year 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions