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Biology Year 1 > Chapter 3 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

A cell with membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

A cell with no membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

What organelles are found in an animal cell

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
RER
SER
Ribosomes
Golgi
Vesicles
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
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4
Q

What organelles are found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell

A

Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cellulose cell wall

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5
Q

What are algae

A

Single called organisms

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6
Q

What organelles are found in algae

A

Same as plant cells

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7
Q

How are organelles of fungi different to algae

A
  • Have no chloroplasts

- Cell wall made of chi-tin (kie-tin)

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8
Q

What are the functions of a nucleus

A
  • Hold genetic material (where chromosomes are found)
  • controls the cells activities
  • Nucleolus makes ribosomes
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9
Q

What are the parts of a nucleus

A

Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelopes
Nuclear pores

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10
Q

What is a rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of fluid filled sacks
  • usually attached to nucleus
  • covered in ribosomes
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11
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do

A

Modified and folds proteins

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12
Q

How is a smooth endoplasmic reticulum different from and rough

A
  • Doesn’t have ribosomes

- Not attached to nucleus

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13
Q

What is a Golgi apparatus

A

A group of fluid filled sacks, that makes Golgi vesicles

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14
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A
  • Modify and package proteins and lipids
  • Put then into vesicles for transport
  • Make lysosomes
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15
Q

What do Golgi vesicles do

A
  • Store and transport proteins and lipids

- can be transported out of the cell

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16
Q

What is a lysosome

A

A special type of vesicles

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17
Q

How is a lysosomes different to other vesicles

A
  • They contain digestive enzymes called lysozymes
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18
Q

What do lysozymes do

A

Hydrolyse (break down) pathogens and old cell organelles

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19
Q

What are the structural features of mitochondria

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Cristae
  • Matrix
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20
Q

What do mitochondria do

A
  • The site of aerobic respiration

- Make ATP

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21
Q

What are the structural features of chloroplasts

A
  • Thylakoids
  • Grana (stack of thylakoids)
  • Double membrane
  • Stroma
  • Starch grain
  • Lamellae
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22
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A
  • The site of photosynthesis

- Contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy

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23
Q

What the the function of a cell wall

A

To have a strong structure and so protect a cell and its organelles

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24
Q

What substance makes up a cell wall in plants and algae

A

Cellulose

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25
Q

What substance makes up a cell wall in fungi

A

Chitin

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26
Q

How can the structure of a vacuole be described

A

Has no fixed shape

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27
Q

What does a vacuole contain

A

Sugars and salts (cell sap)

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28
Q

What is the purpose of a vacuole

A

Keeps a cell turgid (not wilted)

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29
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Small proteins and RNA

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30
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

Make proteins

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31
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

On RER or anywhere on the cell

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32
Q

What is the order of organisation of cells

A

Specialised cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system

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33
Q

Give an example of an order of organisation of cells

A

Epithelial cell (ileum)
Epithelial tissue
Small intestine
Digestive system

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34
Q

What is a specialised cell

A
  • A cell that has evolved adaptations specific to its function
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35
Q

What is tissue

A

A group of cells working together to perform a specific function

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36
Q

What is an organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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37
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function

38
Q

How is an epithelial cell specialised

A

They have microvilli, increasing their surface area so allowing more absorption

39
Q

Explain the process of production and secretion of proteins

A

1) Nucleus contains gene for the protein (site of transcription, goes out nuclear pore)
2) Translation takes place on the ribosomes on RER
3) Protein transported to Golgi apparatus in a vesicle
4) Golgi modifies protein
5) Protein packaged into Golgi vesicle
6) Vesicle transported to cell surface membrane
7) Exocytosis- Vesicle fuses with membrane and ejects protein out of other side of membrane

40
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

Has no membrane bound organelles

Eg bacteria

41
Q

What organelles can be found in a prokaryotic cell

A
  • Loop of DNA
  • Ribosomes
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Plasmids
  • Flagella
  • Capsule
42
Q

Why is there a loop of DNA in prokaryotes

A

There is no nucleus

43
Q

Where is poop of DNA found in prokaryotes

A

Free in the cytoplasm

44
Q

What does a cell membrane do in a prokaryote

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

45
Q

What does a cell wall do in a prokaryote

A

Provide strength and structure

46
Q

What is the cell wall of a prokaryote made out of

A

Museum, a glycoprotein

47
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small loops of DNA

48
Q

What do plasmids do

A

Carry useful genes eg antibiotic resistance, and can be passed between bacteria

49
Q

What does the flagella do

A

Act as a tail to help it move

50
Q

What do the capsule do

A

sometimes Help to protect the bacteria cell from engulfment

51
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide

A

By binary fission

52
Q

What is the process of a prokaryotic cell dividing known as

A

Binary fission

53
Q

How is the way in which DNA is stored different in different types of cells

A

In prokaryotes, it is in a circular loop of DNA, and has no introns, histones or chromosomes
In eukaryotes it is found in the nucleus

54
Q

How are the ribosomes different in different types of cells

A

In prokaryotes they are small, called 70s

In eukaryotes they are big, called 80s

55
Q

How are cell walls different in different types of cells

A

In prokaryotes, glycoproteins are in cell walls and these are murein and peptidoglycan
In eukaryotes, animal cells don’t have cell walls, plant cells have cellulose and fungi have chitin

56
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ with plasmids and capsules

A

All prokaryotes have plasmids, no eukaryotes do

Some prokaryotes have capsules, no eukaryotes do

57
Q

Draw a virus and label it

A 
Pentagon shape (capsid)
Lines inside (genetic material)
4 legs (attachment proteins)
58
Q

What do attachment proteins on virus’s do

A

Join virus to its host cell

59
Q

What do it mean that virus’s are acellular

A

The don’t have their own cells, so are not living and can’t reproduce without use another living cell to do so

60
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

1) Attachment proteins bind to complementary receptor proteins on host cell (attachment proteins are specific to receptor proteins)
2) Virus injects it’s genetic material
3) It hijacks the host cell, using its organelles to reproduce more viruses

61
Q

What are the methods of studying cells

A

Cell fractionation

Use of microscopes

62
Q

What are the parts of cell franctionation

A

Breaking cells open
Filtering the solution
Ultra centrifugation

63
Q

Explain why we break cells open as the first part of cell fractionation

A

Break them open

  • Keep then ice cold (prevent enzyme activity)
  • Keep them isotonic (prevents osmosis, organelles don’t change size
  • Use buffer (keep the pH the same)
64
Q

Explain why we filter the solution as part of cell fractionation

A
  • Removes cell debris and whole cells
65
Q

Explain the process and what happens as a result of ultra centrifugation of cells

A
  • Spin year tube
  • Heaviest organelles compressed into a pellet at the bottom
  • Remaining liquid poured off
  • Spin again
  • Next heaviest removed
  • Repeat
66
Q

What are the three types of microscopes

A 
Light/optical
Scanning electron (SEM)
Transmission electron (TEM)
67
Q

State some advantages of light microscopes

A
  • Easy to use
  • Cheap
  • Colour image produced
68
Q

State advantages of SEM’s

A
  • Better magnitude and resolution than light, as wave length is shorter than light
  • Forms a 3D image
  • Don’t need to slice a thin section (can observe living cells)
69
Q

State advantages of TEM’s

A
  • Even better magnification and resolution

- Allows internal structure to be seen

70
Q

State disadvantages of light microscopes

A
  • Lower magnification and resolution

- Can’t see smaller organelles (long wavelength)

71
Q

Disadvantages of SEM’s

A
  • Lower magnification and resolution than TEM’s

- Can’t see internal structures

72
Q

Disadvantages of TEM’s

A
  • Need a thin slice so can’t observe living cells
  • Thin slices can cause artefacts
  • Specimens need to be in a vacuum
  • Image is not in colour
73
Q

What is an artefact (microscopes)

A

Distortion of the image

74
Q

What are the stages before and during mitosis

A 
Interphase
Prophase 
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
75
Q

What are the three stages of interphase, and what do the do

A

G1 - Gap 1, growth of organelles occurs
S phase - Synthesis, replication
G2 - Gap 2, continues to do its function

76
Q

What happens in interphase

A

DNA replicates
Organelles replicate
Can’t see chromosomes

77
Q

What happens in prophase

A
  • Chromosomes condense (become visible, X shape)
  • nuclear membrane breaks down
  • centrioles move to poles
78
Q

What happens in metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up on the equator
  • Spindle forms
  • Spindle attaches to centromeres
79
Q

What happens during anaphase

A
  • Centromeres split

- What were sister chromatids are pulled apart as chromosomes to opposite poles

80
Q

What happens during telophase

A
  • Nuclear membrane reforms
81
Q

What happens after just after mitosis

A

Cytokinesis

82
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Where the cell divides into 2

83
Q

What is mitosis for, and what happens (short explanation)

A

Cell division to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells, for growth and repair

  • 1 division
  • 2 daughter cells
  • 4 stages (PMAT)
84
Q

Draw the cell cycle

A

Draw a circle
Just under a quarter should be nuclear division (mitosis/meiosis)
Small section of cytokinesis after this
All the rest made up by interphase

85
Q

What is cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell division

86
Q

How does cancer occur

A
  • Mitosis, to divide cells, is controlled by genes
  • If gene mutates, a cell can divide rapidly
  • This will cause a tumour
87
Q

How can cancer by treated

A

Controlling/restricting mitosis

88
Q

What are ways that mitosis can be controlled or restricted to treat cancer

A
  • Use of drugs (chemotherapy)
    : to prevent DNA replicating
    : to inhibit metaphase by interfering with Spindle fibres
89
Q

Why can treatment of cancer be negative, but also why is this negative impact often limited

A

It can disrupt normal cells, however it is more effective against rapidly dividing cells

90
Q

What is binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction/cell division of single cells led organisms
Eg bacteria

91
Q

How does binary fission occur

A
  • Circular loop of DNA and plasmids replicate
  • Move to opposite ends of cell
  • Cytoplasm divides to form 2 daughter cells
  • Each has a single copy of circular DNA

Biology Year 1 (10 decks)

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