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anaphy > chapter 8 dendrites > Flashcards

chapter 8 dendrites Flashcards

1
Q

Dendrites or

A

trees

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2
Q

Dendrites des

A

are short, often highly branching cytoplasmic extensions that are tapered from their bases at the neuron cell body to their tips.

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3
Q

Most dendrites are extensions of the neuron cell body, but
dendrite-like structures also project from the peripheral ends of some sensory
axons.

A

.

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4
Q

Dendrites usually receive

A

information from other neurons or from

sensory receptors and transmit the information toward the neuron cell body.

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5
Q

axon des

A

a single long cell process extending from the neuron cell body.

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6
Q

The area where the axon leaves the neuron cell body is

called the

A

axon hillock.

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7
Q

Axons of sensory neurons conduct

A

action potentials towards the CNS

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8
Q

axons of motor

neurons conduct

A

action potentials away from the CNS.

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9
Q

Axons also conduct

A

action potentials from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another part.

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10
Q

An axon may remain unbranched or

A

may branch to form collateral (ko-LAT-er-

uhl) axons.

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11
Q

Axons can be surrounded by a highly specialized insulating layer
of cells

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

neurons can be

classified on the basis of their

A

function as well as their structure.

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13
Q

“sensory neuron”

A

indicates that it is carrying

information to the CNS from a specific receptor in the body.

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14
Q

“motor neuron”

A

it is sending

information to an effector of the body from the CNS.

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15
Q

three categories of neurons exist, based on the

arrangement of their processes/structure

A

Multipolar, bipolar, pseudo unipolar

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16
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

have many dendrites and a single axon. Most of
the neurons within the CNS and nearly all motor neurons are
multipolar.

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17
Q

Bipolar neurons have two processes:

A

one dendrite and one axon.

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18
Q

Bipolar neurons are located

A

in some sensory organs, such as in the

retina of the eye and in the nasal cavity.

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19
Q

Pseudo-unipolar neurons des 1

A

have a single process extending from the

cell body.

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20
Q

Pseudo-unipolar neurons des 2

A

This process divides into two extensions, a short distance

from the cell body.

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21
Q

This process divides into two extensions a short distance

from the cell body. One

A

One extends to the periphery, and the other

extends to the CNS.

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22
Q

This process divides into two extensions a short distance

from the cell body. One

A

One extends to the periphery, and the other

extends to the CNS.

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23
Q

The two extensions function

A

as a single axon with

small, dendrite-like sensory receptors at the periphery.

24
Q

The axon receives sensory information at the periphery and transmits that
information in the form of action potentials to the CNS.

A

.

25
Q

most sensory

neurons are

A

pseudo-unipolar.

26
Q

Glial cells (GLEE-al), or

A

neuroglia (nyu-ROH-glee-ah; nerve glue),

27
Q

Glial cells des

A

are the supportive cells of the CNS and PNS, meaning these cells do not conduct
action potentials.

28
Q

Instead, glial cells carry out

A

different activities that enhance

neuron function and maintain normal conditions within nervous tissue.

29
Q

Glial cells are far more numerous than neurons.

A

.

30
Q

Most glial cells retain the ability to

divide, whereas neurons do not.

A

.

31
Q

In the CNS, there are four types of glial cells.

A

astrocytes, (2) ependymal cells, (3) microglia, and (4)

oligodendrocytes.

32
Q

The glial cells of the PNS include

A

Schwann cells and (2)

satellite cells.

33
Q

Astrocytes (ASS-troh-sites)

A

serve as the major supporting cells in the CNS.

34
Q

In this role, astrocytes can

A

stimulate or inhibit the signaling activity of nearby

neurons.

35
Q

In addition, astrocytes participate with the

A

blood vessel endothelium
to form a permeability barrier, called the blood-brain barrier, between the
blood and the CNS.

36
Q

Astrocytes help limit

A

damage to neural tissue; however,
the repair process can form a scar that blocks regeneration of damaged
axons .

37
Q

Ependymal (ep-EN-dih-mal) cells

A

line the fluid-filled cavities

(ventricles and canals) within the CNS.

38
Q

Some ependymal cells produce

A

cerebrospinal fluid

39
Q

others, with cilia,

A

help move the cerebrospinal fluid

through the CNS.

40
Q

Microglia (my-KROH-glee-ah)

A

act as immune cells of the

CNS.

41
Q

They help protect the brain by

A

removing bacteria and cell debris.

42
Q

Oligodendrocytes (OL-ih-goh-DEN-droh-sites)

A

provide an insulating

material that surrounds axons

43
Q

in pns, Schwann cells

A

provide insulating

material around axons.

44
Q

Satellite cells

A

found around the cell bodies of

certain neurons of the PNS.

45
Q

Satellite cells 2 des

A

These cells provide support and nutrition to the
neurons and protect the neurons from heavy-metal poisons, such as lead and
mercury.

46
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some

neurons.

47
Q

These myelin sheaths are formed by the cell processes of

A

oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

48
Q

Axons with these myelin sheaths

A

are called myelinated axons, Each
oligodendrocyte process or Schwann cell repeatedly wraps around a segment
of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped cell membranes.

49
Q

Myelin is an excellent insulator

A

that prevents almost all ion movement across the cell membrane.

50
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath, called

A

nodes of Ranvier

51
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

occur about every millimeter between the myelinated areas.

52
Q

_____ can occur at the nodes of Ranvier.

A

Ion movement

53
Q

Myelination of an axon

increases

A

the speed and efficiency of action potential generation along the
axon.

54
Q

Unmyelinated axons

A

lack the myelin sheaths; however, these axons rest in
indentations of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS and the Schwann cells in the
PNS

55
Q

A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple

neurons, usually contains

A

more unmyelinated axons than myelinated axons.

anaphy (12 decks)

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