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Cognitive psychology > Chapter 8: Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Cartesian theatre

A

A mental screen or stage on which things appear to be presented for viewing by the mind’s eye.

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2
Q

Hard problem of consciousness

A

The difficulty of explaining how subjective experience could ever arise.

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3
Q

Phenomenology

A

How things actually seem in the state of consciousness in terms of the quality of experience.

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4
Q

Homunculus problem

A

Difficulty of explaining the experience of consciousness by advocating another internal self.

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5
Q

Problem of other minds

A

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others.

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6
Q

Qualia

A

Subjective experiences we have as part of our mental life.

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7
Q

Materialism

A

Philosophical position that mental states are a product of physical process alone.

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8
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

The tendency to attribute human qualities to nonhuman things.

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9
Q

Mind-body problem

A

The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body.

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10
Q

Choice blindness

A

When people are unaware of their decision-making processes and justify a choice as if it were already decided.

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11
Q

Change blindness

A

When people are unaware of significant event changes that happen in full view.

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12
Q

Dichotic listening

A

A task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear.

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13
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon

A

People tune in to one message even while they filter out others nearby.

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14
Q

Minimal consciousness

A

A low level of awareness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior.

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15
Q

Full consciousness

A

Consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state.

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16
Q

Self-consciousness

A

A distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object.

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17
Q

Daydreaming

A

A state of consciousness in which a seemingly purposeless flow of thoughts comes to mind.

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18
Q

Mental control

A

The attempt to change conscious states of mind.

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19
Q

Thought suppression

A

The conscious avoidance of a thought.

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20
Q

Rebound effect of thought suppression

A

The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression.

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21
Q

Ironic processes of mental control

A

Mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them.

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22
Q

Dynamic unconscious

A

An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces.

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23
Q

Repression

A

A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious.

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24
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

The mental processes that are not experienced by the person but give rise to the person’s thoughts, choices, emotions and behavior.

25
Q

Subliminal perception

A

A thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving.

26
Q

Selective attention

A

The process whereby we focus mental processing on a limited range of events.

27
Q

Information bottleneck

A

When the channel of information processing has limited capacity.

28
Q

Early filter model

A

Selective attention model that proposes that information is discarded early in the steam of processing.

29
Q

Attenuation model

A

Selective attention model that proposes that information is not entirely discarded in the steam of processing but is suppressed relative to other important signals.

30
Q

Response selection model

A

Selective attention model that proposes that selection occurs late in the steam of processing before a response has been made.

31
Q

Load model

A

Attentional model that explains early and late selection as a consequence of the task difficulty.

32
Q

Unilateral visual neglect

A

A condition where patients fail to notice or attend to stimuli that appear on the side of space opposite the site of a hemispheric lesion.

33
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A

An attentional disorder where the patient loses the ability to voluntarily shift visual attention to new locations, which is associated with damage to both sides of the brain.

34
Q

Blindsight

A

Residual visual capability supported by subcortical mechanisms following removal or damage to cortical visual areas.

35
Q

Altered states of consciousness

A

Forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind.

36
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A naturally occuring 24-hour cycle.

37
Q

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

A

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity. Sometimes known as ‘paradoxical sleep’.

38
Q

Electrooculography (EOG)

A

A device that measures eye movements.

39
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Biological processes that maintain optimal body heat during different states of wakefulness.

40
Q

Immune system

A

Biological defence system for combating potential disease from both internal and external invaders.

41
Q

Metabolism

A

Biological processes that convert stored resources into energy.

42
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep.

43
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep.

44
Q

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

A

Occurs when the person arise and walks around while asleep.

45
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of walking activities.

46
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

The experience of waking up unable to move.

47
Q

Night terrors (or sleep terrors)

A

Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.

48
Q

Manifest content

A

A dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning.

49
Q

Latent content

A

A dream’s true underlying meaning.

50
Q

Activation-synthesis model

A

The theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of neural activations that occur randomly during sleep.

51
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

A chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system.

52
Q

Hallucinogenes

A

Drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations.

53
Q

Cannabis

A

Drugs derived from the hemp plant.

54
Q

Hypnosis

A

A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s (the subject’s) subjective experience of the world.

55
Q

Behavioral compliance

A

Doing what you are told or expected to do.

56
Q

Posthypnotic amnesia

A

The failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget.

57
Q

Hypnotic analgesia

A

The reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis.

58
Q

Meditation

A

The practice of intentional contemplation.

Cognitive psychology (9 decks)

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