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Cognitive psychology > Chapter 5: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

The ability to store and retrieve information over time.

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2
Q

Sensory memory

A

A place where sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less.

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3
Q

Short-term memory

A

A place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less then a minute.

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4
Q

Long-term memory

A

A place where information can be kept for hours, days, weeks or years.

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5
Q

Iconic memory

A

A fast decaying store of visual information.

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6
Q

Echoic memory

A

A fast decaying store of auditory information.

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7
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it.

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8
Q

Chunking

A

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in the short-term memory.

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9
Q

Working memory

A

Active maintenance and manipulation of information in short-term storage.

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10
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Briefly stores visual and spatial information.

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11
Q

Phonological loop

A

Briefly encodes mental representation of sounds and is made up of a short-term store and an articulatory rehearsal system.

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12
Q

Central executive

A

An attentional system that coordinates and controls plans of action and output.

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13
Q

Episodic buffer

A

A temporary storage space where information from long-term memory can be integrated into working memory.

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14
Q

Interference

A

The drop in accuracy and response time performance when two tasks tap into the same system.

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15
Q

Consolidation

A

The process whereby information must pass from short-term memory into long-term memory in order to be remembered.

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16
Q

Encoding

A

The process by which we transform what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory.

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17
Q

Storage

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

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18
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

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19
Q

Schemas

A

Mental models of the world that contain knowledge that helps us encode new information into a meaningful context.

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20
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory.

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21
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.

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22
Q

Method of loci

A

A memory aid that associates information with mental images of locations.

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23
Q

Organizational encoding

A

The act of categorizing information by noticing the relationship between a series of items.

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24
Q

Mnemonic

A

A device for reorganizing information into more meaningful patterns to remember.

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25
Q

Memory storage

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

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26
Q

Long-term potential (LTP)

A

Enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections.

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27
Q

NMDA receptor

A

A hippocampal receptor site that influences the flow of information from one neuron to another across the synapse by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation.

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28
Q

Recall

A

The capacity to spontaneously retrieve information from memory.

29
Q

Recognition

A

The capacity to correctly match information presented with to contents of memory

30
Q

Retrieval cue

A

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind.

31
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded.

32
Q

State-dependent retrieval

A

The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.

33
Q

Transfer-appropriate processing

A

The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later.

34
Q

Explicit memory

A

The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences.

35
Q

Implicit memory

A

The influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them.

36
Q

Procedural memory

A

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or ‘knowing how’ to do things.

37
Q

Priming

A

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus.

38
Q

Semantic memory

A

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.

39
Q

Episodic memory

A

The collection of past personal experience that occured at a particular time and place.

40
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

The personal record of significant events of one’s life.

41
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events.

42
Q

Transience

A

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.

43
Q

Serial position effect

A

The enhanced memory for events presented at the beginning and end of a learning episode.

44
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.

45
Q

Proactive interference

A

Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.

46
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue experience

A

The temporary inability to retrieve information that is stored in memory, accompanied by the feeling that you are on the verge of recovering the information.

47
Q

Blocking

A

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.

48
Q

Absentmindedness

A

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

49
Q

Divided attention

A

Situations where individuals have to simultaneously monitor more than one source of information.

50
Q

Retroprospective memory

A

Information learned in the past

51
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to do things in the future.

52
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long.term store.

53
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation.

54
Q

Concussion

A

A loss of consciousness that can range from moments to weeks.

55
Q

Fugue state

A

An amnesia of one’s previous life and identity.

56
Q

Childhood amnesia

A

An inability to remember events from the early years of life.

57
Q

Metamemory

A

The subjective awareness of one’s own memory

58
Q

Feeling of knowing (FOK)

A

The subjective awareness of information that cannot be retrieved from memory.

59
Q

Source monitoring

A

Recall of when, where and how information was acquired.

60
Q

Memory misattribution

A

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.

61
Q

Déjá vu experience

A

Where you suddenly feel that you have been in a situation before even though you can’t recall any details.

62
Q

Déjá vu

A

A confabulated memory where the individual is certain that the new experience is old.

63
Q

False memories

A

Recollection of events that never happened.

64
Q

False recognition

A

A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before.

65
Q

Bias

A

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.

66
Q

Suggestibility

A

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.

67
Q

Source memory

A

Recall of when, where and how information was acquired.

68
Q

Persistence

A

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.

Cognitive psychology (9 decks)

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