Chapter 8, Behaviours in social and cultural context

Question 1

rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions

Answer 1

norms (social)

Question 2

a given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behaviour

Answer 2

role

Question 3

a program of shared rules that govern the behaviour of people in a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and customs shared by most members of that community

Answer 3

culture

Question 4

the gradual process where individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money or effort

Answer 4

entrapment

Question 5

an area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, and beliefs

Answer 5

social cognitive

Question 6

the theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other people’s behaviour by attributing causes of that behaviour to a situation or a disposition

Answer 6

attribution theory

Question 7

the tendency, in explaining other people’s behaviour, to overestimate personality factos and underestimate the influences of the situation

Answer 7

fundamental attribution error

Question 8

the notion that the world is fair and the justice is served, that bad people are punished and good people are rewarded

Answer 8

just-world hypothesis

Question 9

a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his or her behaviour

Answer 9

cognitive dissonance

Question 10

the tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus the more familiar they are with it

Answer 10

familiarity effect

Question 11

the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times

Answer 11

validity effect

Question 12

the tendency for all members of a group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement

Answer 12

groupthink

Question 13

in groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume that others will

Answer 13

diffusion of responsibility

Question 14

in groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one’s own individuality

Answer 14

deindividuation

Question 15

the part of a person’s self-concept that is baed on his or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation

Answer 15

social identify

Question 16

a person’s identification with a radical or ethnic group

Answer 16

ethnic identity

Question 17

the process by which members or minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture

Answer 17

acculturation

Question 18

a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral)

Answer 18

stereotypes

Question 19

s strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group, based on a negative stereotype

Answer 19

prejudice