Chapter 15, psychological disorders

Question 1

any behaviour or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering, is self-destructive, seriously impairs the person’s ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others or the community.

Answer 1

mental disorder

Question 2

disorders that are specific to particular cultural contexts

Answer 2

culture-bound syndromes

Question 3

psychological tests used to infer a person’s motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person’s interpretations of ambiguous stimuli

Answer 3

projective tests

Question 4

standardized objective questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves

Answer 4

objective tests (inventories)

Question 5

a continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension

Answer 5

generalized anxiety disorder

Question 6

an anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic of life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving of the trauma, and increased physiological arousal

Answer 6

post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD)

Question 7

an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks, periods of intense fear, and feeling of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as a rapid heart rate and dizziness

Answer 7

panic disorders

Question 8

an anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviours (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety

Answer 8

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Question 9

A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behaviour (loss of interest in one’s usual activities) , cognition (thoughts of hopelessness) and body functions (fatigue and loss of appetite)

Answer 9

major depression

Question 10

a mood disorder in which episodes of both depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur.

Answer 10

bipolar disorder

Question 11

approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce mental disorders

Answer 11

vulnerability-stress models

Question 12

a disorder characterized by unreasonable, excessive suspiciousness and mistrust, and irrational feelings of being persecuted by others.

Answer 12

paranoid personality disorder

Question 13

a disorder characterized by an exaggerated or self-importance and self-absorption

Answer 13

narcissistic personality disorder

Question 14

a disorder characterized by intense but unstable relationships, a fear of abandonment by others, an unrealistic self-image, and emotional volatility

Answer 14

borderline personality disorder

Question 15

a personality disorder characterized by a lack of remorse, empathy, anxiety, and other social emotions; the use of deceit and manipulation; and impulsive thrill seeking

Answer 15

psychopathy

Question 16

a personality disorder characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behaviour such as law breaking, violence, and other impulsive, reckless acts.

Answer 16

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

Question 17

a controversial disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; formerly known as multiple personality disorder (MPD)

Answer 17

dissociative identity disorder

Question 18

a psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate behaviour, and cognitive impairment

Answer 18

schizophrenia

Question 19

an extreme mental disturbance involving distorted perceptions and irrational behaviour; it may have psychological or organic causes

Answer 19

psychosis