Chapter 13, Development over the life span

Question 1

the process by which children learn the behaviours, attitudes and expectations required of them by their society or culture.

Answer 1

socialization

Question 2

in primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant’s first attachment.

Answer 2

contact comfort

Question 3

the distress that most children develop, at about six to eight months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers

Answer 3

separation anxiety

Question 4

a child’s first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words

Answer 4

telegraphic speech

Question 5

the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it

Answer 5

object permanence

Question 6

the understanding that the physical properties of objects such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a class, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.

Answer 6

conservation

Question 7

a system of beliefs about the way one’s own mind of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their belief and feelings

Answer 7

theory of mind

Question 8

a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child’s misbehaviour

Answer 8

power assertion

Question 9

a method of child rearing in which the paren appeals to the child’s own abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child’s misbehaviour

Answer 9

induction

Question 10

the fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender

Answer 10

gender identity

Question 11

conditions in which chromosomal or hormonal anomalies cause a child to be born with ambiguous genitals, or genitals that conflict with the infant’s chromosomes.

Answer 11

intersex conditions (intersexuality)

Question 12

a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female

Answer 12

gender schema

Question 13

the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction

Answer 13

puberty

Question 14

the onset of menstruation during puberty

Answer 14

menarche [men-ARR-kee]

Question 15

the cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years

Answer 15

menopause

Question 16

the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age

Answer 16

fluid intelligence

Question 17

cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime

Answer 17

crystallized intelligence